integration

fThe European Union (EU) has been facing an energy crisis since the autumn of 2021, which has been exacerbated by Russia’s attack on Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, and the climate crisis. The war in Ukraine has changed European perceptions of...

The rule of law and democracy in the European Union (EU) are under great pressure. Indices measuring the rule of law show that attacks on it are on the rise. In the meantime, the EU has developed numerous instruments to defend the rule of law, but...

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of examples of foreign countries seeking to influence the decisions of the European Union (EU) or its member states in the area of trade and investment policy. Unfortunately, the existing EU...

The Russian attack on Ukraine and the ensuing war entails enormous external and internal challenges for the European Union (EU). First, the war is a conflict between an autocratic regime and the liberal democracies in Europe and the EU. Second, the...

With the Lisbon Treaty, the position of the High Representative underwent an “upgrade” with the aim of increasing the visibility and coherence of the European Union foreign policy. This article continues and expands a study by Nicolai von...

The Council presidency during the first semester of 2022 provided France and president Emmanuel Macron with a window of opportunity to promote its own European policy agenda and to convince a more Eurosceptic French population of the benefits of...