Philosophisches Jahrbuch

Kant has often been criticized for his morality oriented against happiness. I argue against this common misconception and focus the analysis on the idea that happiness, although not a primary motive for moral action, is still grounded in morality....

This essay explores the significance of Martin Heidegger’s later work for a new understanding of freedom and responsibility. It argues that in his later thinking, Heidegger turns toward a form of “mindful thinking” characterized by a...

Spinoza is still criticized today as a determinist who denies human freedom. The last two parts of his Ethics deal with human bondage and freedom. Thus, freedom is an important topic for him. He regarded freedom of will and decision as an illusion....

One of the most important philosophical influences that Western culture has inherited from antiquity is the fact that we distinguish, in a metaphorical way, between a mental ‘inner world’ and a physical ‘outer world’. As is well known, the...