OER Osteuropa Recht

The neglect of freedom of religion is relevant once again. Montenegro passed its Law on Freedom of Religion, which caused tectonic disturbances in the relations between the state and the church, prescribing the nationalization of church land and...

After more than sixteen years of Poland’s membership in the EU, Polish equality law is far from the principle of effectiveness. The institutional setting is weak and the case-law is mostly disappointing. Within the last five years, state...

The liberalization of the electricity market, in terms of creating a guarantee of free choice of energy supplier for the consumer, requires public authorities to intervene in the prices of energy transmission and distribution services. However, the...

Following its accession to the EU in 2004, Estonia has committed to implementing EU anti-discrimination legislation. This article briefly outlines the legal framework for equal treatment in Estonia with regard to its evolution and its characteristic...

Research Methods used to study Western societies are sometimes not suitable for studying non-Western types of legal systems. The ruling groups of these countries often adopt constitutions that do not regulate public relations, but create a positive...

This article describes the reasons for invalidity of legal transactions resulting from a defect of, and/or failure in the expression of will for concluding a particular legal transaction. This contribution begins with an introduction to the...

In 2001, a new penal code was adopted in Ukraine after a comprehensive discussion in politics, legal science and society, replacing a codification of the Soviet era dating back to 1960, obviously unsuitable for the new realities. The new penal code...

The Russian Constitution of 1993 was subjected to its most extensive revision in 2020. The primary purpose of the changes was to strengthen the role of the President of the Republic. In addition, the position of the Constitutional Court was also...

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990 s, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was enacted only in 1996 after long-lasting political struggles. The main priority of the criminal law changed: protection of a person instead of...

Estonia’s Reform of Criminal Law: Evolution and Evaluation After Twenty Years Following Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940 and its independency in August 1991, the country enacted its criminal code in June 1992, which was replaced by a new...

In 2012, Hungary enacted a new Criminal Code. The Fidesz government intended this law to embody their ‘new’, i. e. stricter criminal policy. The core piece of that policy, a sort of ‘three-strikes-and-you-are out’ rule, was very soon struck...

The article presents the issue of capacity to act under Polish law and discusses the essence and definition of a natural person’s capacity to act in law. Whereas the article focuses on the different types of capacity to act (no capacity, limited...

The coexistence of the Civil Code and the Economic Code is a speciality of the Ukrainian legal system which distinguishes it from the most other jurisdictions in the post-Soviet area. The Economic Code is controversially discussed among legal...