Claiming Pakistan: The MQM and the Fight for Belonging

Dr. Ann Frotscher

doi:10.5771/9783845208718

Summary

In den späten 80er Jahren eskalierte ein seit Jahren schwelender Konflikt in der süd-pakistanischen Metropole Karachi. Im Mittelpunkt der Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Polizei, militanten Gruppen, politischen Parteien, religiösen Splittergruppen und kriminellen Banden stand immer wieder die ethnische Gemeinschaft der Mohajir und ihre politische Partei „Mohajir Qaumi Movement“ (MQM).

In diesem Buch wird die Gewalteskalation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der ethnisch begründeten Aufstandsbewegung der Mohajir analysiert. Im Zentrum des Interesses stehen dabei Identitätsbildung und Politisierung der Mohajir und ihrer Partei, der MQM. Am Beispiel Karachis werden die Formen, Beschränkungen und Möglichkeiten einer rein großstädtischen, ethnischen Aufstandsbewegung und ihre Verflechtungen mit dem lokalen Bandenwesen untersucht, die in konventionellen Theorien zur Entstehung ethnischer Konflikte häufig nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt werden. Die Autorin verbrachte nicht nur lange Zeit in Pakistan, sondern arbeitete für internationale Organisationen in Zentralasien und Afghanistan.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2008
Copyright Year: 2008
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8329-3514-6
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-0871-8
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 281
Product Type: Monograph

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 2 - 10
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List of Abbreviations No access Pages 11 - 12
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Foreword No access Pages 13 - 13
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Introduction No access Pages 14 - 18
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1. 1. Authors:
    1. Karachi’s Earliest History No access
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    2. “Dual City” – The Develoment of a Colonial City No access
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    3. Colonial Economy and Ethnic Diversity No access
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    1. Social Order in Sindh No access
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    2. The Political Situation before Independence in 1947 No access
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    1. Independence and Mass Migration No access
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    2. The Effects of the Refugees on the City No access
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    3. Excursus: Differing Interpretations of History No access
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    1. Urban Growth through Immigration No access
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    2. Infrastructural Problems as a Result of the Immigration: The Housing Crisis Worsens No access
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    3. Karachi’s Geographical Expansion No access
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  3. Summary No access Pages 51 - 53
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    1. The Historical Development of the Local Administration against the Background of the Political Develpoment of the State No access
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    2. The Karachi Municipal Administration – Its Duties and its Failures No access
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    1. Scope and Signifi cance of the Informal Sector No access
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    2. The Informal Housing Market No access
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    1. The Land Mafia No access
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    2. The Transport Mafia No access
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    3. The Arms Mafia No access
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    4. The Drugs Mafia No access
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    5. The Car Mafia No access
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  4. Help through Self-Help? – Community Based Organisations No access Pages 82 - 84
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  5. Summary No access Pages 84 - 86
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1. 1. Drawing the Boundaries – The Construction of the “Mohajir” Ethnic Identity No access Pages 87 - 94
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    1. At the Centre of Power – The Government of Liaquat Ali Khan No access
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    2. The Gradual Erosion of Privilege – The Military Governments of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan No access
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    3. Political and Economic Marginalisation under the Government of Z. A. Bhutto No access
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    4. The Ethnicisation of Politics under the Military Government of Zia-ul Haq No access
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  3. Summary No access Pages 110 - 115
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2. 1. From the APMSO to the MQM – Campus Politics No access Pages 115 - 120
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    1. Core Demands of the “Mohajir Qaumi Movement” No access
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    2. Collision Course – The Government Coalition with the PPP (1988-89) No access
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    3. The End of the Ethnic Discourse? – The Government Coalition with the IJI/PML (1990-1992) No access
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    4. Radicalisation – „Operation Clean-Up“ (1992-1994) and the PPP Government (1993-1996) No access
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    1. The MQM’s Election Successes and Power Gains (1987,1988) No access
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    2. The MQM-PPP Government Coalition (1988-89) No access
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    3. The Government Coalition of the MQM and the IJI/PML (1990-1992) No access
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    1. General Sociogram No access
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    2. Voter Behaviour and Motivation No access
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    1. The Protagonists of the MQM No access
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    2. The Party Leader: Altaf Hussain No access
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    3. The Party: Avant-Garde and Grass Roots No access
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    1. The MQM and Democracy No access
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    2. Excursus: The MQM and the Freedom of the Press No access
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    3. The Internal Structure of the MQM – The Authoritarian Principle No access
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    4. The MQM and Violence No access
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  7. Summary No access Pages 179 - 182
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    1. The “Bushra Zaidi” Riots of 1985 No access
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    2. The Riots in Sohrab Goth and Orangi in 1986 No access
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    3. Ethnic Violence becomes Political: The MQM versus the PPI No access
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    1. Sindhi-Mohajir Antagonism No access
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    2. The Sindhi Nationalist Parties No access
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    3. The Violence Spreads: Riots in Hyderabad (1988-90) No access
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    4. Excursus: Balochis as the Adversaries of the Mohajirs in Karachi No access
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    1. Operation Clean-Up (1992-94) No access
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    2. The Violence Escalates – Extra-judicial Executions and State Terror (1995-97) No access
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    3. Excursus: The Police No access
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    1. Brother Fighting Against Brother – MQM(Altaf) and MQM(Haqiqi) No access
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    2. Gangs and Terror No access
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  5. Summary No access Pages 245 - 248
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Excursus: The Effects of the Violence and Ethnic Politics on the Economy No access Pages 249 - 250
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Conclusion No access Pages 251 - 254
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1. The Government of Nawaz Sharif before the Military Coup (1997-1999) No access Pages 255 - 257
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2. The Government of General Pervez Musharraf until Parliamentary Elections (1999 – 2008) No access Pages 257 - 264
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Glossary No access Pages 265 - 266
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Bibliography No access Pages 267 - 280
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Map of Karachi No access Pages 281 - 281
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