Digital Revolution - New Challenges for Law

Alberto Franceschi; Reiner Schulze; Michele Graziadei; Oreste Pollicino; Federica Riente; Salvatore Sica; Pietro Sirena

doi:10.17104/9783406759048

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Digital Revolution - New Challenges for Law

Data Protection, Artificial Intelligence, Smart Products, Blockchain Technology and Virtual Currencies

Editors:
Series:: Beck International
Publisher:: 2020

Summary

Digital Revolution – New Challenges for Law addresses the impact of digital technology on European Laws, taking inspiration from the work of the European Law Institute’s Digital Law Special Interest Group.

Contributions address such diverse issues as the notion of data, data protection, supply of digital content, digital inheritance, online platforms, artificial intelligence, algorithmic regulation, Internet of Things, 3D-Printing, blockchain technology, smart contracts and virtual currencies.

The analysis of these issues is not confined to one area such as contract law, but cuts across both legal subjects and other disciplines to highlight the breadth and depth of the challenges posed by digitalisation. In particular, this volume highlights the consequence of digitalisation by analysing new overlaps and relationships between different fields of law (e.g. the relationship between contract law and data protection, or private and criminal responsibility in the Internet of Things). Written by leading scholars, practitioners and policymakers, this volume provides answers to the challenges posed by the digital revolution and acts as a basis for further developments of EU law and beyond.

Dr Alberto De Franceschi is associate professor of Private Law at the University of Ferrara (Italy). Dr Reiner Schulze is a professor and Director of the Centre of European Private Law at the Westfa?lische Wilhelms-Universita?t Mu?nster (Germany).

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2020
ISBN-Print: 978-3-406-74387-0
ISBN-Online: 978-3-406-75904-8
Publisher: C.H.BECK Recht - Wirtschaft - Steuern, München
Series: Beck International
Language: English
Pages: 344
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages I - XVIII
1. 1. I. The starting points No access
  2. 1. 1. “Free flow of data” and individual data rights No access
    2. 2. Consumer protection No access
  3. III. The rise of the Platform economy: Disruption and Regulatory challenges No access
  4. 1. 1. Technological innovation and self-regulation No access
    2. 2. Artificial Intelligence and the “personalisation” of Legal Norms No access
    3. 1. a) New risks No access
      2. b) Product liability No access
      3. c) Operator’s liability No access
  5. 1. 1. Conceptual disruption No access
    2. 2. New interferences No access
    3. 3. Approaching coherency No access
2. B. Personal autonomy and the digital revolution (Graziadei) No access Pages 16 - 18
1. 1. I. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. The basic concept No access
    2. 1. a) Guaranteeing functioning and competitive markets No access
      2. b) Enhancing innovation No access
      3. c) Consumer protection, and data protection in particular No access
      4. d) Public interest grounds, including freedom of information and free flow of information No access
  3. 1. 1. Existing proposals in favour of a data ownership right in personal data No access
    2. 2. The fundamental rights dimension No access
    3. 3. Data ownership in personal data in conflict with data protection rules No access
  4. IV. Provision of personal data as a contractual counter-performance No access
  5. V. Data portability and access rights for non-personal data No access
  6. VI. Conclusion No access
2. 1. 1. 1. History No access
    2. 2. Overall objectives No access
    3. 3. Addressees No access
  2. 1. 1. Data-driven economies No access
    2. 1. a) Absence of fit of traditional legal concepts and categories No access
      2. b) Data protection and fundamental rights No access
      3. c) Overlap with consumer law No access
  3. 1. 1. Purpose, scope, and definitions No access
    2. 1. a) Contract typology No access
      2. b) Main types of transactions identified by Preliminary Draft No. 2 No access
      3. c) The next steps to be taken No access
    3. 1. a) Wrongfulness of control or processing No access
      2. b) Data ownership No access
      3. c) Contractual protection No access
      4. d) Aggregated and derived data No access
    4. 1. a) Specific data rights vis-à-vis a controller No access
      2. b) The concept of co-generated data No access
      3. c) Access to and porting of co-generated data No access
      4. d) Desistance from control or processing of co-generated data No access
      5. e) Correction of co-generated data No access
    5. 5. Chapters VI to VIII No access
  4. IV. Conclusions No access
3. 1. I. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. The Rise of the Platform Economy No access
    2. 2. Beyond Antitrust: Fairness and Transparency No access
  3. 1. 1. Scope No access
    2. 1. a) A Fairness Test for P2B Contracts No access
      2. b) General Transparency Requirements No access
      3. c) Specific Contractual Terms No access
    3. 3. Change of Terms and Conditions No access
    4. 1. a) Transparency Requirements No access
      2. b) Procedural Requirements No access
    5. 5. Transparency of Rankings No access
    6. 1. a) Marketplaces as Learning Tools No access
      2. b) Differentiated Treatment No access
      3. c) Ancillary Goods and Services No access
    7. 1. a) Transparency vs. Access Rights No access
      2. b) Portability of Reputation Data No access
    8. 8. Parity Clauses No access
    9. 9. Complaint-handling and Mediation No access
    10. 10. Collective Enforcement No access
  4. IV. Summary and Outlook No access
1. 1. 1. 1. General prerequisites No access
    2. 2. Restrictions to consent No access
    3. 3. The so-called bundling prohibition No access
  2. 1. 1. Separation of contract and consent (Trennungsprinzip) No access
    2. 2. Consequence: consent capable of being object of an obligation No access
  3. 1. 1. Close to an absolute right No access
    2. 2. Consent fulfils (some) functions of a disposition (Verfügung) No access
  4. 1. 1. General approaches to contract and transfer of property rights No access
    2. 2. Contract and consent – abstraction principle No access
    3. 3. Change by the Directive 770/2019 on the supply of digital content No access
  5. V. Conclusions No access
2. G. The Data Protection Officer (“DPO”) (Fauvarque-Cosson) No access Pages 84 - 87
3. H. Digital Inheritance (Resta) No access Pages 88 - 88
4. 1. II. The data protection perspective No access
  2. III. The succession law framework No access
  3. IV. Governance by contract No access
1. 1. 1. 1. a) Jaron Lanier No access
      2. b) Yvonne Hofstetter No access
    2. 2. The Professional Gate Keepers No access
    3. 1. a) Richard David Precht No access
      2. b) Yuval Noah Harari No access
    4. 1. a) Andreas Rödder No access
      2. b) Daniel Suarez et al No access
    5. 5. Short Interim Summary No access
  2. 1. 1. a) Legal Rules No access
      2. b) Algorithms No access
      3. c) Preliminary Conclusions No access
    2. 2. The Special Extra-Territorial Aspect of BIG DATA No access
    3. 3. Formal Consent – No Sufficient Protection for the Consumer No access
    4. 3. Preliminary Summary No access
  3. 1. 1. Digital Charta on European Human Rights No access
    2. 2. Further Protection Shields No access
  4. V. Summary No access
2. 1. I. Internet, Computer Freedom and Digital Solidarity No access
  2. II. Social Media: Virtual Communities or Social Engineering Systems No access
  3. III. The Information Market and Incentive Effects: The Case of Hate Speech No access
  4. IV. The External Factor: Web Disinformation and the News Revolution on Social Media No access
  5. V. Judicial Remedies and the Limits of the Law No access
  6. VI. The Problem of the Legal Definition and the Role of Internet Providers: From Neutrality to Accountability No access
  7. VII. The EU Strategy to Tackle Illegal Content Online an the new German Law on the Enforcement of Rights in Social Media No access
  8. VIII. Truth and Digital Solidarity in the Future of Internet Law: What Remedies, what Values, what Guarantor? Starting Points for a Holistic Approach No access
3. 1. I. Introduction No access
  2. II. Certification mechanism. An overview No access
  3. III. Article 82 GDPR: liability rules for data processing. Key differences with Directive 95/46 No access
  4. 1. 1. The nature of liability: identifying the relevant criteria No access
    2. 2. The notion of recoverable damages No access
  5. 1. 1. Reference to national legislation. The Italian and the German models No access
    2. 2. The court based approach – UK Data Protection Act No access
    3. 3. The importance of the national context. The French approach No access
  6. VI. Shaping a solution. The role of certifications No access
  7. VII. Conclusions and final remarks No access
4. 1. I. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. Scope of application of Article 82 GDPR No access
    2. 1. a) The controller No access
      2. b) The controller liability exemption No access
      3. c) The processor No access
      4. d) The processor liability exemption No access
  3. 1. 1. a) Burden of proof under Article 15 of the Italian Data Protection Code No access
      2. b) The quantification of non-material damages No access
    2. 1. a) Burden of proof under the contractual liability regime No access
      2. b) Burden of proof under the non-contractual liability regime No access
  4. IV. Conclusion No access
1. 1. I. Introduction No access
  2. II. The Field of Analysis: IoT and Connected Risks of Harm No access
  3. 1. 1. The Inadequacy of General Liability Remedies No access
    2. 2. Liability in the IoT Landscape: Product Liability as a Viable Source of Inspiration No access
  4. 1. 1. Liable Persons No access
    2. 2. The Notion of Product No access
    3. 3. The Notion of Defectiveness No access
    4. 4. The Scope of Recoverable Losses No access
    5. 5. Data Breach: the GDPR Liability Regime No access
  5. V. Proof of Causation in the IoT Multi-layered Environment No access
  6. VI. Conclusions No access
2. 1. I. Introduction No access
  2. II. A Fitness Check on EU and National Law Governing Liability No access
  3. 1. 1. Substantive Liability Rules No access
    2. 2. Compulsory Insurance No access
    3. 3. Product Liability No access
  4. 1. 1. From the Keeper to the Manufacturer No access
    2. 2. The Near Future: A Virtuous Competition between New and Old No access
    3. 3. A More Distant Future: Only Autonomous Vehicles on the Roads No access
  5. 1. 1. An Ancient Piece of Legislation No access
    2. 1. a) Eliminating the Development Risk Defence No access
      2. b) Discovering a Defect in the Design No access
      3. c) A Duty to ‘observe’ the Product No access
      4. d) The dilemma situations No access
      5. e) The Proof of Causation No access
    3. 3. A Different Product Liability or a New Paradigm of Traffic Liability No access
    4. 4. Conclusion No access
3. 1. 1. 1. Core Questions and Answers No access
    2. 2. Jurisdictional focus and significance No access
    3. 3. Structure No access
    4. 4. Digital disruption and 3D-printing No access
    5. 5. Key questions No access
    6. 6. Filling key research gaps-a new way of responding to innovation No access
  2. 1. 1. The need ethic No access
    2. 2. Innovation and the continuing importance of the need ethic No access
  3. 1. 1. 3D printing used in commercial production of goods No access
    2. 2. Liability of professionals converting a CAD-file into a finished product No access
    3. 3. Liability for CAD file No access
    4. 4. The boundary between “hobbyists” and “professionals” No access
    5. 5. Radical deviation from doctrinal tradition: Network Liability No access
  4. IV. Concluding Comments: consumer law values, 3D-printing and the wider digital revolution No access
1. 1. I. Introduction No access
  2. 1. 1. a) AI safety No access
      2. b) The inherent relationship between safety and risk No access
  3. 1. 1. The concept of defect No access
    2. 2. Burden of proof No access
    3. 3. Later defect defense No access
  4. 1. 1. Average consumer No access
    2. 2. Information duties No access
    3. 3. Contractual fairness No access
  5. 1. 1. aa) The meaning of “identification” in GDPR No access
        bb) The legal status of the knowledge generated by AI systems No access
      2. b) Decisions based solely on automated processing No access
      3. c) Decisions that produce legal effects or similarly significantly affect the data subject No access
      4. d) Necessity of processing for the purposes of entering into, or performance of, a contract No access
      5. e) Explicit consent No access
      6. f) Right of explanation No access
  6. VI. Conclusions No access
1. 1. 1. 1. Blockchain Technology as New Infrastructure No access
    2. 2. Suitability of Blockchain for Execution of Transactions No access
  2. 1. 1. Notion No access
    2. 2. Characteristics No access
    3. 3. Practical Examples No access
  3. 1. 1. Challenges of Automated Contracting No access
    2. 2. Specific Problem of General Business Conditions No access
    3. 3. Challenges for the Viability of Legal Contracts No access
    4. 4. Need for New Legal Rules in Contract Formation No access
  4. 1. 1. Application of Traditional Rules No access
    2. 1. a) Technological Failures No access
      2. b) Program Failures No access
    3. 1. a) Transfer Challenges No access
      2. b) Enforcement: Dispute Resolution No access
    4. 4. Need for New Legal Rules in Contract Performance No access
  5. V. Outlook No access
2. 1. 1. 1. Smart Contracts as Regulatory Devices No access
    2. 2. Blockchain Technology as a Regulatory Infrastructure No access
    3. 3. Conflicts of Legal and Technology-Based Rules No access
  2. 1. 1. a) The State Monopoly on the Legitimate Use of Force No access
      2. b) Technological vs. Legal Enforceability No access
      3. c) Substantive Scrutiny No access
    2. 1. a) Legislative Provisions No access
      2. b) Judicial Case Law No access
      3. c) The Example of Starter Interrupt Devices No access
  3. 1. 1. a) Unfair Terms Directive No access
      2. b) Directive on Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content No access
    2. 1. a) Self-Execution as Self-Help No access
      2. b) Legitimacy of Self-help No access
      3. c) Smart Contracts as Legitimate Self-Help No access
  4. IV. Conclusion No access
3. 1. 1. 1. Blockchain No access
    2. 2. Money No access
    3. 3. Virtual currencies No access
    4. 4. Actors No access
    5. 5. Bitcoins No access
    6. 6. Benefits/Risks of Virtual Currencies No access
    7. 7. Law Enforcement No access
    8. 8. Variety of Characterization of Virtual Currencies No access
    9. 9. Regulatory Responses No access
  2. 1. 1. Risks Scenarios No access
    2. 2. Gatekeepers No access
    3. 1. a) Anonymity No access
      2. b) Money Transmission Services No access
      3. c) Exchange Controls and Capital Flow Management No access
  3. 1. 1. Disruption of Technology No access
    2. 2. Un-Regulated Entites No access
    3. 3. Frauds No access
    4. 4. Support of Risk No access
    5. 5. Offshore issues No access
    6. 6. Absence of Legal Tender No access
    7. 7. Price Risk No access
    8. 8. Virtual Currencies Exchanges No access
    9. 9. Concurrent Regulatory Jurisdiction No access
    10. 10. Taxation No access
    11. 11. Consumer Rules No access
  4. 1. 1. Systemic Risks No access
    2. 2. Monetary Policy No access
  5. 1. 1. Substance over form No access
    2. 2. Limiting the anonymity of users No access
    3. 3. International Standards No access
1. U. Digital Revolution – New Challenges for Law: Final remarks (van Erp) No access