Under Siege

Scott N. Romaniuk

doi:10.5771/9781498599566

Summary

Under Siege: Counter-Terrorism and Civil Society in Hungary critically examines the effects of Hungary’s counterterrorism and security policies on civil society organizations since the Fidesz party’s sweeping victory in 2010. It explores the historical and political depths of the government’s security apparatus, including the formation and implementation of its counter-terrorism laws, polices, and institutions, as well as the terrorism landscape. The author draws upon survey research conducted across four categories of civil society organizations, including peacebuilding, development, human rights advocacy, and humanitarianism, and extensive data collected through semi-structured interviews with members of the civil society community, security actors, legal experts, politicians, and scholars. This book argues that the Hungarian government’s counterterrorism and security regime has significantly altered the autonomous space in which civil society organizations operate and severely strained state-society relations.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2022
ISBN-Print: 978-1-4985-9955-9
ISBN-Online: 978-1-4985-9956-6
Publisher: Lexington, Lanham
Language: English
Pages: 344
Product type: Book Titles

1. Contents No access
2. 1. Figures No access
  2. Table No access
3. Acknowledgments No access
4. Abbreviations No access
1. Hungary Joins the “Forever War” No access
2. 1. Significance No access
  2. The Roadmap No access
3. 1. Why Hungary? No access
  2. Research Strategy No access
  3. Language and Sources No access
  4. Study Population No access
  5. Study Area No access
  6. Pilot Study No access
  7. Primary Questionnaire No access
  8. Interviews No access
  9. Analyzing the Data No access
  10. (Re-)Interpreting the Data No access
  11. Time and Resources No access
  12. Limitations No access
  13. Survey Research: Interviews and Questionnaires22 No access
  14. Challenges and Opportunities No access
  15. Considering Variables No access
  16. Available Data on CSOs No access
  17. Clash of Civil Societies: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly No access
  18. The Forum of Civic Alliance (Civil Összefogás Fórum, CÖF) and Civil Union Public Benefit Foundation (Civil Összefogás Közhasznú Alapítvány, CÖKA) No access
  19. Foundation for a Civic Hungary No access
  20. The Századvég Foundation No access
4. Notes No access
1. Securitization as a Gateway No access
2. Setting the Scene: The 1980s and 1990s “Turn” No access
3. Security and the ABCs of Securitization No access
4. Security Theory’s Constructivist Character No access
5. Security as a Craft No access
6. The Audience(s) No access
7. Peering through the Lens No access
8. Notes No access
1. Absolute Security: The Global War on Terror and National Security Politics No access
2. The Global War on Terror Regime and the Securitization of CSOs No access
3. CSO Responses to State CTMs and Policies No access
4. Widening the Field of Play between Counterterrorism and Civil Society No access
5. Notes No access
1. From Old Terror to New “Terror” No access
2. Interrogating Terror No access
3. The Malév Incident No access
4. Violence during the 2000s No access
5. Naming Terrorism in Hungary No access
6. Ghost Hunt No access
7. Notes No access
1. The Security Pendulum No access
2. Security en Vogue: Government Counterterrorism Legislation, Post-9/11 No access
3. 1. Security Moves during Hungary’s Socialist Chapter, 1947–1989 No access
  2. III. Main Directorate of the Interior Ministry (BM III. Főcsoportfőnökség) No access
  3. The Komondor and the Terrorelhárító Szolgálat (TESZ) (Counterterrorism Service) No access
  4. Hungary’s Post-Socialist Transition: A New Security Trajectory No access
  5. Hungary’s Accession to NATO No access
  6. Joining the EU Club No access
4. 1. Information Office (Információs Hivatal, IH) No access
  2. Constitution Protection Office (Alkotmányvédelmi Hivatal, AH) No access
  3. Military National Security Service (Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat, KNBSZ) No access
  4. Special Service for National Security (Nemzetbiztonsági Szakszolgálat, NBSZ) No access
  5. Counterterrorism Information and Criminal Analysis Centre (Terrorelhárítási Információs és Bűnügyi Elemző Központ, TIBEK) No access
  6. Building the Counter-Terrorism Centre (Terrorelhárítási Központ, TEK): Hawk or Hen? No access
  7. The Police (Rendőrség) No access
  8. The Riot Police (Készenléti Rendőrség) No access
  9. Power without Limits: National Protective Service (Nemzeti Védelmi Szolgálat, NVSZ) No access
  10. National Security Authority (Nemzeti Biztonsági Felügyelet, NBF) No access
  11. Parliamentary Control of the National Security Services No access
  12. 1. The Fundamental Law of Hungary No access
    2. Changes in the Fundamental Law No access
    3. The Frist Amendment to the Fundamental Law—June 18, 2012 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének első módosítása, 2012) No access
    4. The Second Amendment to the Fundamental Law—November 9, 2012 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének második módosítása 2012). No access
    5. The Third Amendment to the Fundamental Law—December 21, 2012 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének harmadik módosítása 2012). No access
    6. The Fourth Amendment to the Fundamental Law—(Magyarország Alaptörvényének negyedik módosítása 2013) No access
    7. The Fifth Amendment to the Fundamental Law—September 26, 2013 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének ötödik módosítása 2013) No access
    8. The Sixth Amendment to the Fundamental Law—June 14, 2016 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének hatodik módosítása 2016) No access
    9. The Seventh Amendment to the Fundamental Law—June 28, 2018 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének hetedik módosítása 2018) No access
    10. Related to Migration No access
    11. Administrative Court No access
    12. The Eighth Amendment to the Fundamental Law—December 12, 2019 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének nyolcadik módosítása 2019) No access
    13. The Ninth Amendment to the Fundamental Law—December 15, 2020 (Magyarország Alaptörvényének kilencedik módosításáról 2020) No access
    14. The National Action Plan to Combat Terrorism (Terrorizmus Elleni Nemzeti Akcióterv) No access
5. Hungary’s Terror Verdicts No access
6. States of Emergency: Importing the WoT No access
7. Notes No access
1. Enemies within the Gates No access
2. The Securitization of CSOs, Migrants, and Brussels No access
3. Fidesz’s War on “Foreign Funding” No access
4. “Instruments of Action”:13 The Impact of CTMs on CSOs in Hungary No access
5. Civil Society Uprooted No access
6. Blocking CSO Involvement in CTMs Formulation and Implementation No access
7. CSOs Co-Opted to Assist with the Implementation of State CTMs No access
8. Chipping Away at CSOs’ Operational Capacities with CTMs No access
9. Eradicating the Soros Virus: The Securitization of CEU No access
10. Shutting Out Civil Society No access
11. The Management of Constraint: Hungary’s Rationale for Regulations and Measures against Civil Society No access
12. The Vámosszabadi Incident No access
13. Vestigial Voices: CSOs Responding to the Strain No access
14. Notes No access
1. The Nature of Counterterrorism Laws, Policies, and Implementation from the Socialist Era to the Post-9/11 Period No access
2. The Impacts of Counterterrorism Policies and CTMs on CSOs No access
3. 1. The Effects of CTMs on the Role of CSOs No access
4. 1. Government Pressure on CSOs to Participate in Counterterrorism Programs No access
  2. The Effects of CTMs on the Operational Costs of CSOs No access
  3. CSO Perceptions of Government CTMs No access
5. Assessing the Damage No access
6. Contributions No access
7. Footsteps Forward No access
8. Further Single Cases No access
9. Czechia No access
10. Slovakia No access
11. Macedonia No access
12. Comparative Studies by Country and Region No access
13. Post-Socialist/Communist Countries (Visegrád Countries, and Central and Eastern Europe) No access
14. 1. Emerging versus Established Democracies No access
15. Hybrid Regimes, Unconsolidated Democracies, and “Reconfigured Authoritarianisms”21 No access
16. 1. Exploring CSOs and International NGOs in Varied Political and Social Contexts No access
17. Immediate and Protracted Effects of CTMs within and across States No access
18. “Special” Cases No access
19. 1. Society, Citizens, and Social Institutions No access
20. Notes No access
1. Military Personnel No access
2. Civil Society Officers No access
3. 1. Politics, Civil Society, Security, and Legal/Judicial Experts No access
4. Embassy/Foreign Service Officers No access
5. Security Agents/Personnel No access
1. Notes No access
References No access Pages 287 - 330
Index No access Pages 331 - 342
About the Author No access Pages 343 - 344