Migration Waves in Eastern Europe [1990-2015]

European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)

doi:10.5771/9783845279398

Summary

Die Artikel des Sonderbandes befassen sich mit unterschiedlichen Ost-West-Migrationswellen der letzten 20 Jahre. Gastarbeiter aus der Türkei und Jugoslawien, Flüchtlingswellen im Balkankrieg nach Europa, Migration und ethnische Konflikte an den Randgebieten der ehemaligen Sowjetunion und Arbeitskräftemobilität innerhalb eines vereinten Europas sind die wichtigsten Themenfelder. Mit Rückblick auf die Herausforderungen der letzten 20 Jahre erkennt man viele Gemeinsamkeiten mit den heutigen Problemen. Die Frage stellt sich nun: Hat Europa etwas aus der jüngsten Geschichte gelernt?

Mit Beiträgen von:

Prof. William Bagatelas; Martin Baldwin-Edwards, Dr. Jens Becker, Ass.Prof. Dr. Biljana Čavkoska, PhD; Prof. Dr. Birsen Ersel; Evangelos Evangelou; Dr. Deniz Genc; Stella Georgieva; Ágnes Hárs, PhD; Susanne Huth; Violeta Ivanova; Prof. Dr. Marion Moehle; Giacomo Morabito, PhD; Angela Munteanu; Prof. Dr. Rossitsa Rangelova; Dr. Lela Rekhviashvili, PhD; Dr. Anna Rocheva; Viorel Rotilă, PhD; Stefano Ruvolo; Prof. Bruno Sergi; Arben Tabaku, MSc; Prof. Dr. Ilia Telo; Prof. Katia Vladimirova; Prof. Dr. Drenka Vuković; Dr. Chris F. Wright; Dr. Kerstin Zimmer, PhD.

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2017
Publication date: 05.04.2017
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-3652-2
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-7939-8
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: Sonderheft SEER
Language: English
Pages: 320
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 2
Waves of migration from south-east Europe to the EU, as documented in 16 years of the South-East Europe Review No access Pages 3 - 10 Bela Galgoczi, Calvin Allen
Ilia Telo
1. Introduction No access Ilia Telo
2. Overall employment structure No access Ilia Telo
3. Population, employment and migratory trends No access Ilia Telo
4. The problem of emigration No access Ilia Telo
5. The informal economy No access Ilia Telo
6. Conclusions No access Ilia Telo
Stefano Ruvolo
1. The Adriatic: a large river No access Stefano Ruvolo
2. Where do immigrants work in Italy? No access Stefano Ruvolo
3. Unemployment and immigration No access Stefano Ruvolo
Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
1. Introduction No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
2. Recent developments in global asylum flows and the European context: an overview No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
3. Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
  1. Poland No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
  2. Hungary No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
  3. Czech Republic No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
  4. Slovak Republic No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
  5. Romania No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
  6. Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
    1. The safe third country rule and the consequences for EU enlargement No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
    2. On the way to a European asylum regime: problems of transition No access Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker
Ágnes Hárs
1. Introduction No access Ágnes Hárs
2. Ágnes Hárs
  1. Who are the actors in international migration? No access Ágnes Hárs
  2. The basic driver of migration: differences in earnings No access Ágnes Hárs
  3. Risk as a burden on and an incentive for migration No access Ágnes Hárs
  4. The importance of networks in migration No access Ágnes Hárs
  5. Regulations influencing migration No access Ágnes Hárs
  6. Time horizons of migration No access Ágnes Hárs
3. Ágnes Hárs
  1. Ágnes Hárs
    1. Short-term commuting-type migration incentives: differences in wages based on exchange rates (Wc) No access Ágnes Hárs
    2. Long-term permanent-type migration: differences in living standards as measured by GDP at purchasing power parity (Wp) No access Ágnes Hárs
  2. Ágnes Hárs
    1. Sufficient gain to compensate for the expected risk of commuting (Rkc) No access Ágnes Hárs
    2. The expected stability of the domestic economy (Rkp) No access Ágnes Hárs
  3. Contact networks and family strategies (N) No access Ágnes Hárs
  4. Ágnes Hárs
    1. Over-taxation in the sending country – undocumented economy in the receiving country (Rc) No access Ágnes Hárs
    2. Corporate system – protectionism in the labour markets of the receiving countries (Rp) No access Ágnes Hárs
4. Ágnes Hárs
  1. Ágnes Hárs
    1. Short-term commuting-type migration incentives: differences in wages at exchange rates (Wc) No access Ágnes Hárs
    2. Long-term permanent-type migration: differences in living standards measured by GDP at purchasing power parity (Wp) No access Ágnes Hárs
  2. Ágnes Hárs
    1. Sufficient gain to compensate the expected risk of commuting (Rkc) No access Ágnes Hárs
    2. The expected stability of the domestic economy (Rkp) No access Ágnes Hárs
  3. Contact networks and family strategies (N) No access Ágnes Hárs
  4. Ágnes Hárs
    1. Undocumented economy in the receiving country (Rc) No access Ágnes Hárs
    2. Entry regulations, migration policy (Rp) No access Ágnes Hárs
5. Some final conclusions No access Ágnes Hárs
Drenka Vuković
1. Introduction No access Drenka Vuković
2. Demographic characteristics of refugees in Serbia No access Drenka Vuković
3. Refugees by former place of residence No access Drenka Vuković
4. Social position of refugees No access Drenka Vuković
5. Refugees’ needs and their uncertain future No access Drenka Vuković
Angela Munteanu
1. Introduction No access Angela Munteanu
2. Private and ownerless No access Angela Munteanu
3. Public and predatory No access Angela Munteanu
4. Labour – ‘made in Moldova’ No access Angela Munteanu
5. Conclusion No access Angela Munteanu
Birsen Ersel
1. Birsen Ersel
  1. 1. General outlook No access Birsen Ersel
  2. 2. The migration event and related social developments No access Birsen Ersel
  3. Birsen Ersel
    1. a) Unemployment No access Birsen Ersel
    2. b) Inequalities in the distribution of income No access Birsen Ersel
  4. Birsen Ersel
    1. a) First Five-Year Development Plan No access Birsen Ersel
    2. b) Second Five-Year Development Plan No access Birsen Ersel
    3. c) Third Five-Year Development Plan No access Birsen Ersel
    4. d) Fourth Five-Year Development Plan No access Birsen Ersel
    5. e) Fifth Five-Year Development Plan No access Birsen Ersel
    6. f) Sixth Five-Year Development Plan No access Birsen Ersel
    7. g) Seventh Five-Year Development Plan No access Birsen Ersel
  5. 5. What have been the effects of migration? No access Birsen Ersel
  6. Birsen Ersel
    1. a) Levels of education and training No access Birsen Ersel
    2. b) Location of residence No access Birsen Ersel
    3. c) Age groups No access Birsen Ersel
  7. Birsen Ersel
    1. a) Village development co-operatives No access Birsen Ersel
    2. b) Workers’ companies No access Birsen Ersel
2. Conclusions No access Birsen Ersel
William T. Bagatelas, Bruno S. Sergi
1. Introduction No access William T. Bagatelas, Bruno S. Sergi
2. The logic of the ‘brain drain’ in Europe No access William T. Bagatelas, Bruno S. Sergi
3. Conclusions No access William T. Bagatelas, Bruno S. Sergi
Martin Baldwin-Edwards
1. The European Union’s relations with south-east Europe No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
2. The Thessaloniki Summit, 2003 No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
3. Migration and economic development No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
1. Introduction No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
2. Scale of migration from Bulgaria since 1989 No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
3. Reasons for migration No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
4. Profile of potential emigrants from Bulgaria No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
5. Geographical destination of Bulgarian migrants No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
6. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
  1. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    1. Statistics on Bulgarian emigrants in the two countries No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    2. The profile of interviewed migrants No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
7. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
  1. Economic No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
  2. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    1. Money transfer (remittances) to relatives in Bulgaria No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    2. Moderation of labour market problems No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    3. Higher professional qualifications and labour market participation No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    4. Better prosperity No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    5. A more realistic idea of their own country No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    6. Emigrants form a Bulgarian lobby abroad No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
  3. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    1. Lower return on investment in public education No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    2. Marginal impact of remittances on economic growth No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    3. Less tax returns in the country No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    4. Reduced rents from innovation No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    5. Undesirable specialisation of economic activity in the country of origin No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    6. Negative effects on entrepreneurship and business creation No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    7. Migration practice and demotivation No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
8. Demographic consequences No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
9. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
  1. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
    1. Impact on children No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
10. Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
  1. In terms of information on migration No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
  2. In terms of migration policy No access Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova
Drenka Vuković
1. Drenka Vuković
  1. Migration background No access Drenka Vuković
2. Negative impacts of the transition crisis No access Drenka Vuković
3. Highly-skilled migration No access Drenka Vuković
4. Usage of the intellectual diaspora No access Drenka Vuković
5. Future trends in external migrations No access Drenka Vuković
6. Conclusion No access Drenka Vuković
Martin Baldwin-Edwards
1. The Asia Minor atrocities and the ‘Exchange of Populations’ No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
2. After Lausanne… No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
3. Illegal transit migration through Turkey into Greece No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
4. Distinguishing asylum-seekers from illegal migrants No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
5. Greek-Turkish rapprochement No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
6. The primacy of inter-state relations in migration management No access Martin Baldwin-Edwards
Viorel Rotila
1. Introduction No access Viorel Rotila
2. The EU situation No access Viorel Rotila
3. Case study: Romania No access Viorel Rotila
4. Viorel Rotila
  1. The study on The quality of the professional life of health care employees and migration trends, 2006 showed the following conclusions: No access Viorel Rotila
  2. The Quality of the professional life of health care employees and migration trends, 2006 study showed these main points: No access Viorel Rotila
  3. he Consequences of health care workers’ migration from Romania: health care managers’ prospects, 2007 study indicated the following highlights:We should mention here that, despite the research being d... No access Viorel Rotila
5. Viorel Rotila
  1. Decisive factors No access Viorel Rotila
  2. Push factors No access Viorel Rotila
  3. Pull factors No access Viorel Rotila
  4. Facilitative and discouraging factors No access Viorel Rotila
  5. Facilitative factors No access Viorel Rotila
  6. Discouraging factors No access Viorel Rotila
  7. The theoretical model No access Viorel Rotila
  8. The effects of migration No access Viorel Rotila
  9. The effects on departing countries No access Viorel Rotila
  10. A decrease in the level of professional training of staff remaining in the country No access Viorel Rotila
  11. Effects on society’s need for a functioning health care system capable of ensuring quality health care services No access Viorel Rotila
  12. ‘Loss’ of investment made in the training of departed staff No access Viorel Rotila
  13. Loss of important human resources, the training of which takes several years No access Viorel Rotila
  14. The effect on destination countries No access Viorel Rotila
6. Trends No access Viorel Rotila
7. Practical policies No access Viorel Rotila
8. Conclusions No access Viorel Rotila
Arben Tabaku
1. Introduction No access Arben Tabaku
2. Arben Tabaku
  1. Modus operandi No access Arben Tabaku
  2. Legitimisation of illegal proceeds No access Arben Tabaku
  3. Re-trafficking and internal trafficking No access Arben Tabaku
  4. Trafficking of women No access Arben Tabaku
3. Related offences to trafficking in human beings No access Arben Tabaku
4. elated offences to the smuggling of human beingsCriminal offences related to the smuggling of human beings are stipulated in Articles 297 (Illegal Border Crossing) and 298 (Providing Assistance for Il... No access Arben Tabaku
5. Trafficking and smuggling routes No access Arben Tabaku
6. International dimension of Albanian OC groups No access Arben Tabaku
7. Some recommendations No access Arben Tabaku
Rossitsa Rangelova
1. Introduction No access Rossitsa Rangelova
2. Population mobility from the ‘new’ to the ‘old’ EU countries No access Rossitsa Rangelova
3. Economic effects of immigrants on the host EU country’s labour market No access Rossitsa Rangelova
4. Migration and its consequences for the sending country’s labour market No access Rossitsa Rangelova
5. Labour immigration in the new EU member states No access Rossitsa Rangelova
6. Labour migration policies in the EU No access Rossitsa Rangelova
7. Concluding remarks No access Rossitsa Rangelova
Chris Wright
1. Introduction No access Chris Wright
2. Chris Wright
  1. Strategic interactions between member states No access Chris Wright
  2. Domestic state structures and political pressures No access Chris Wright
  3. Structural economic factors No access Chris Wright
3. Chris Wright
  1. The fallout from A8 enlargement and ‘policy spillovers’ No access Chris Wright
  2. Domestic political pressures No access Chris Wright
  3. Economic factors No access Chris Wright
4. Conclusion No access Chris Wright
Deniz Genç
1. Introduction No access Deniz Genç
2. Security and securitisation No access Deniz Genç
3. Migration to Europe No access Deniz Genç
4. Deniz Genç
  1. Migration versus internal security No access Deniz Genç
  2. Migration versus cultural security No access Deniz Genç
  3. Migration versus welfare systems No access Deniz Genç
5. Conclusion No access Deniz Genç
Anna Rocheva
1. Introduction No access Anna Rocheva
2. Material and methods No access Anna Rocheva
3. Theoretical basis of research into adaptation No access Anna Rocheva
4. Research results No access Anna Rocheva
5. Conclusions No access Anna Rocheva
Kerstin Zimmer
1. Introduction No access Kerstin Zimmer
2. Transit migration and immigration to Ukraine No access Kerstin Zimmer
3. Ukrainian refugee policy No access Kerstin Zimmer
4. Problems of refugees in Ukraine No access Kerstin Zimmer
5. Xenophobia and racism No access Kerstin Zimmer
6. Conclusion No access Kerstin Zimmer
Lela Rekhviashvili
1. Introduction No access Lela Rekhviashvili
2. Data and limitations of the research No access Lela Rekhviashvili
3. Transformation and socio-economic developments No access Lela Rekhviashvili
4. Internally displaced people and continued vulnerability No access Lela Rekhviashvili
5. Lela Rekhviashvili
  1. Circumstances which shape coping strategies No access Lela Rekhviashvili
  2. Hope of return No access Lela Rekhviashvili
  3. Expectations of the government No access Lela Rekhviashvili
  4. Attitudes towards internally displaced people and the problems of integration No access Lela Rekhviashvili
6. Lela Rekhviashvili
  1. Occupational choices and income generation and social networks No access Lela Rekhviashvili
  2. Trade and services No access Lela Rekhviashvili
  3. Emigration No access Lela Rekhviashvili
  4. International aid and civic activism No access Lela Rekhviashvili
  5. Social networks No access Lela Rekhviashvili
7. Conclusion No access Lela Rekhviashvili
Biljana Cavkoska
1. Introduction No access Biljana Cavkoska
2. Biljana Cavkoska
  1. Direct effect of Article 39 TEC No access Biljana Cavkoska
  2. Rights of migrant workers No access Biljana Cavkoska
3. The problems with EU worker mobility over the years No access Biljana Cavkoska
4. The EU 2020 Strategy for Employment and Growth No access Biljana Cavkoska
5. How will freedom of movement of workers influence the goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy for Employment and Growth? No access Biljana Cavkoska
Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
1. Introduction No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
2. Information Bridge project No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
3. Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
  1. Methodology of study, target groups No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
4. Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
  1. Overall duration of working time No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
  2. Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
    1. Annual paid leave No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
    2. Levels of payment No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
    3. Termination of the employment relationship No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
5. Main conclusions from the survey of the attitudes and opinions of Bulgarian workers No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
6. Results of the survey of the attitudes, motives and needs of Cypriot employers in hiring foreign workers, and Bulgarian citizens in particular No access Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou
Bruno S. Sergi, Giacomo Morabito
1. Introduction No access Bruno S. Sergi, Giacomo Morabito
2. Migration flows: between the past and the future No access Bruno S. Sergi, Giacomo Morabito
3. High unemployment: a threat to the Albanian economy No access Bruno S. Sergi, Giacomo Morabito
4. The Keynes solution No access Bruno S. Sergi, Giacomo Morabito
5. Conclusions No access Bruno S. Sergi, Giacomo Morabito
About the Authors No access Pages 317 - 320

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