Cover of book: Innovative Capacity Allocations for All-IP Networks
Buy in shop
, to see if you have full access to this publication.
Book Titles No access

Innovative Capacity Allocations for All-IP Networks

A Network Economic Analysis of Evolution and Competition in the Internet Ecosystem
Authors:
Publisher:
 2020

Summary

The Internet ecosystem is characterised by strong dynamics and rapid evolution. In view of the evolving range of content and applications that are to be delivered in an integrated fashion via general-purpose broadband networks, the requirements for traffic delivery and corresponding capacity allocation problems are becoming increasingly complex. The anticipated role of the Internet of things, 5G or virtual reality applications underscores how important it will be for broadband access service providers to flexibly meet these evolving demands in an economically efficient fashion. This book examines the evolution of, and competition within, the Internet ecosystem and analyses efficient capacity allocations in all-IP networks from a network economic perspective. In doing so, it critically appraises the role of network neutrality regulations.

Bibliographic data

Copyright year
2020
ISBN-Print
978-3-8487-6137-1
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-0260-7
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series
Freiburger Studien zur Netzökonomie
Volume
22
Language
English
Pages
450
Product type
Book Titles

Table of contents

ChapterPages
  1. Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access 1 - 20
  2. Acknowledgements No access 21 - 22
  3. Papers No access 23 - 24
  4. List of Abbreviations No access 25 - 32
  5. 1 Introduction No access 33 - 38
      1. 2.1 The Economic Side of Layering: Disaggregating the Value Chain No access
      2. 2.2 The Technical Side of Layering: Modularity and the OSI and TCP/IP Reference Models No access
      3. 2.3 Reconciling the Economic and the Technical Sides of Layering: Towards a Layer Scheme for All-IP Networks No access
      1. 3.1 From ARPANET to the Internet: A Historical Perspective No access
      2. 3.2 From Narrowband Access to the Broadband Internet No access
        1. 3.3.1 Broadband Network Evolution: A Dual Lineage No access
        2. 3.3.2 Upgrading the PSTN: From First-Generation xDSL to “Future-Proof” FTTH No access
        3. 3.3.3 Upgrading CATV Networks: From First-Generation Broadband to RFoG No access
          1. 3.3.4.1 (Cellular) Mobile Broadband: Fiberization and the Road Towards 5G No access
          2. 3.3.4.2 (Fixed) Wireless Broadband Access: WLAN, WiMAX, and Satellite Access No access
      4. 3.4 Evolution in the Broadband Access Ecosystem: A Brief Summary No access
      1. 4.1 Quality of Service and Quality of Experience No access
        1. 4.2.1 Why Location Matters: End-to-End Network Performance and the Role of the Geographical and Virtual Location No access
        2. 4.2.2 Delay No access
        3. 4.2.3 Jitter No access
        4. 4.2.4 Packet Loss Rate No access
        5. 4.2.5 Throughput, Bandwidth, and Data Rates No access
      3. 4.3 Heterogeneous QoS Requirements and the Evolution of Application Services No access
      1. 5.1 The End-to-End Arguments and the Best Effort Service Model No access
        1. 5.2.1 The IP Packet Header: Beyond Addressing No access
        2. 5.2.2 IP Packet Forwarding and Routing No access
      3. 5.3 Some Fundamentals on Intra-Domain Routing No access
      4. 5.4 Some Fundamentals on Inter-Domain Routing: The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) No access
        1. 5.5.1 Flow Control No access
        2. 5.5.2 Congestion Control No access
        3. 5.5.3 TCP and Network Performance No access
      6. 5.6 An Alternative to TCP: The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) No access
      7. 5.7 Transport Layer Protocols: A Brief Summary No access
        1. 5.8.1 Peering, Transit, and the Hierarchical Structure of the Traditional Interconnection Ecosystem No access
        2. 5.8.2 Innovations in Interconnection Agreements No access
      1. 6.1 Over-Provisioning Strategies No access
      2. 6.2 Usage Constraints: Ad Hoc Quantity Rationing No access
      3. 6.3 Data Compression and Endpoint-Based Upper Layer Mechanisms No access
        1. 6.4.1 Overlay Networks and Content Delivery Networks No access
        2. 6.4.2 Edge Computing and Distributed Cloud Infrastructures No access
        3. 6.4.3 Internet Exchange Points, Remote Peering, and Growing Interconnection Diversity No access
      5. 6.5 The Limits of Enhancing Performance in a Best Effort Internet No access
      1. 7.1 Guaranteed Services and Flow-Based QoS: The Integrated Services Architecture and the Resource Reservation Protocol No access
        1. 7.2.1 Per-Hop Behaviors (PHBs) No access
        2. 7.2.2 QoS Differentiations and the DiffServ Architecture: A Closer Look No access
        1. 7.3.1 Some MPLS Basics No access
        2. 7.3.2 MPLS TE No access
        3. 7.3.3 DS-TE No access
      4. 7.4 The Generalized DiffServ Architecture No access
    1. The evolving demand for heterogeneous QoS levels is the key driver for the introduction of QoS differentiations. As described in Sections 6 and 7, a wide variety of technologically complementary traff... No access 191 - 196
      1. 8.1 An Introduction to Scarcity and Economic Efficiency on the Internet No access
        1. 8.2.1 Rivalry, Congestion, and Negative Externalities No access
        2. 8.2.2 Direct (Positive) Network Effects No access
        3. 8.2.3 Indirect Network Effects and Two-Sided Markets No access
        1. 9.1.1 Internet Congestion from an Economic Perspective No access
        2. 9.1.2 Algorithm-Based Capacity Rationing by the TCP No access
        3. 9.1.3 M/M/1 Queueing Models No access
        4. 9.1.4 Bandwidth Partitioning Approaches No access
        5. 9.1.5 Preliminary Conclusions on Congestion Modeling in Two-Sided Market Models No access
        1. 9.2.1 A Primer on Usage-Independent versus Usage-Dependent Pricing No access
        2. 9.2.2 A Brief Survey of Traditional Internet Pricing Models No access
      1. 10.1 Some Basics on Optimal Congestion Pricing and Capacity Expansions No access
      2. 10.2 A Simple Model of Congestion Pricing for a Single-Class Internet No access
      1. 11.1 Paris Metro Pricing and its Implications for Multi-Channel Congestion Pricing No access
        1. 11.2.1 Incentive Compatible Pricing and Optimal Investment: Social Welfare Maximization No access
        2. 11.2.2 Incentive Compatible Pricing and Optimal Investment: Profit Maximization No access
        3. 11.2.3 Interclass Externality Pricing No access
        4. 11.2.4 A Brief Assessment No access
      1. 12.1 The Basic Idea No access
      2. 12.2 Capacity Reservation versus Packet Prioritization: On the Provision of Deterministic and Stochastic QoS Guarantees No access
      3. 12.3 Interclass Externalities and the Opportunity Costs of Different Types of Network Usage No access
      4. 12.4 Opportunity Costs and Interclass Externality Pricing for All-IP Networks No access
      5. 12.5 Optimal Capacity Allocations in All-IP Networks: Incentive Compatible Price and QoS Differentiations and Optimal Network Investment No access
      6. 12.6 A Brief Summary No access
      7. 12.7 An Example of a Price and QoS Differentiation Based on the Introduction of a Deterministic Traffic Class No access
      8. 12.8 Model Implications and Limitations: Extensions and Future Research No access
      1. 13.1 Legacy Interconnections for an All-IP Ecosystem: A Growing Mismatch? No access
      2. 13.2 Challenges and Evolution in the Interconnection Ecosystem No access
      3. 13.3 A Summary and (Forward-Looking) Discussion No access
      1. 14.1 The Many Facets of Competition in Network Industries No access
      2. 14.2 Remedying Market Power Problems: Regulatory Policy versus Active Competition Policy No access
      1. 15.1 Disaggregated Market Power Regulation for the Internet No access
      2. 15.2 Technical Regulations and Consumer Protection Measures No access
      3. 15.3 Universal Service Regulations No access
      1. 16.1 Network Neutrality: Normative Proposition and Regulatory Paradigm No access
      2. 16.2 On the Need for a Market-Driven Network Neutrality Concept No access
        1. 16.3.1 Network Neutrality Regulation in the U.S. No access
        2. 16.3.2 Network Neutrality Regulation in the EU No access
        3. 16.3.3 A Brief Summary of the Regulations in the U.S. and the EU No access
      1. 17.1 Brief Overview of the Two-Sided Market Literature on Network Neutrality No access
        1. 17.2.1 The Many Facets of Network Neutrality Regulations and Their Impact on Optimal Capacity Allocations and Innovation No access
        2. 17.2.2 Regulatory Market Splits and Structural Traffic Regulations No access
        3. 17.2.3 Reasonable Traffic Management and the Ban on Paid Prioritization No access
        4. 17.2.4 Minimum QoS Regulations and the Dirt Road Argument No access
      3. 17.3 Conclusions and Policy Implications No access
    5. 18 Summary No access 393 - 398
  9. References No access 399 - 450

Bibliography (764)

  1. 3GPP (2018). LTE, available: http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/98-lte [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  2. 451 Alliance (2017). ‘451 Research VoCUL Survey Finds Original Content Investment Paying Off for Netflix And Amazon Video: Consumers Increasingly Paying for Three or More Streaming Video Services’, Press Release, 20 March, available: https://451research.com/images/Marketing/productsheets/VoCUL_video_PR_FINALff.pdf [accessed 9 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  3. 5G Americas (2016). Network Slicing for 5G Networks & Services, White Paper, November, available: http://www.5gamericas.org/files/3214/7975/0104/5G_Americas_Network_Slicing_11.21_Final.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  4. Abbate, J. (1999). Inventing the Internet, Cambridge, MA and London, UK: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  5. Abichar, Z., Chang, J.M. and Hsu, C.-Y. (2010). ‘WiMAX vs. LTE: Who will Lead the Broadband Mobile Internet?’, IT Professional, 12(3), 26-32. Open Google Scholar
  6. Acton, J.P and Vogelsang, I. (1989). ‘Introduction’, RAND Journal of Economics, 20(3), 369-372. Open Google Scholar
  7. Adan, I. and Resing, J. (2015). ‘Queueing Systems’, Department of Mathematics and Computing Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, 26 March, available: https://www.win.tue.nl/~iadan/queueing.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  8. Adtran (2017). G.FAST: Enabling the Gigabit Society, White Paper, available: https://portal.adtran.com/web/fileDownload/doc/33602 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  9. Adtran (2018). 5G and Next Generation FTTH: A Symbiotic Relationship, White Paper, available: https://www.telecompetitor.com/clients/adtran/5G_nextgen/5GandNextGenFTTH.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  10. Ai, Y., Peng, M. and Zhang, K. (2018). ‘Edge Computing Technologies for Internet of Things: A Primer’, Digital Communications and Networks, 4(2), 77-86. Open Google Scholar
  11. Aicent (2012). Aicent IPX – Aicent IPX Solution Overview, White Paper, available: http://www.gsma.com/membership/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/aicent_ipx_wp_071712.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  12. Akamai (2018). Facts & Figures, available: https://www.akamai.com/uk/en/about/facts-figures.jsp [accessed 05 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  13. Akerlof, G.A. (1970). ‘The Market for “Lemons”: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488-500. Open Google Scholar
  14. Al-shawi, M. and Laurent, A. (2017). Designing for Cisco Network Service Architectures (ARCH): Foundation Learning Guide (CCDP ARCH 300-320), 4th ed., Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press. Open Google Scholar
  15. Aldmour, I. (2013). ‘LTE and WiMAX: Comparison and Future Perspective’, Communications and Networks, 5(4), 360-368. Open Google Scholar
  16. Allman, M., Paxson, V. and Blanton, E. (2009). ‘TCP Congestion Control’, RFC 5681, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5681 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  17. Almes, G., Kalidindi, S. and Zekauskas, M. (1999). ‘A Round-Trip Delay Metric for IPPM’, RFC 2681, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2681 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  18. Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., Zekauskas, M. and Morton, A. (ed.) (2016a). ‘A One-Way Delay Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)’, RFC 7679, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7679 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  19. Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., Zekauskas, M. and Morton, A. (ed.) (2016b). ‘A One-Way Loss Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)’, RFC 7680, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7680 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  20. Ameigeiras, P., Navarro-Ortiz, J., Andres-Maldonado, P., Lopez-Soler, J.M., Lorca, J., Perez-Tarrero, Q. and Garcia-Perez, R. (2016). ‘3GPP QoS-Based Scheduling Framework for LTE’, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Article 78, available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-016-0565-9 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  21. Analysys Mason (2017). Study on Net-Neutrality Regulation, Final Report to BEREC, BoR (17) 159, 18 September, available: https://berec.europa.eu/eng/document_register/subject_matter/berec/others/7243-study-on-net-neutrality-regulation [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  22. Anania, L. and Salomon, R.J. (1998). ‘Flat – The Minimalist Price’, in: McKnight, L.W. and Bailey, J.P. (eds.), Internet Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 91-118. Open Google Scholar
  23. Andersen, D., Balakrishnan, H., Kaashoek, F. and Morris, R. (2001). ‘Resilient Overlay Networks’, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 35(5), 131-145. Open Google Scholar
  24. Antonello, R., Fernandes, S., Kamienski, C., Sadok, D., Kelner, J., Gódor, I., Szabó, G. and Westholm, T. (2012). ‘Deep Packet Inspection Tools and Techniques in Commodity Platforms: Challenges and Trends’, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 35(6), 1863-1878. Open Google Scholar
  25. APNIC (Asia-Pacific Network Information Center) (2008). ‘Operational Policies for National Internet Registries in the APNIC Region’, APNIC-103, available: https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/operational-policies-nirs/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  26. Armstrong, M. (1998). ‘Network Interconnection in Telecommunications’, Economic Journal, 108(448), 545-564. Open Google Scholar
  27. Armstrong, M. (2002). ‘The Theory of Access Pricing and Interconnection’, in: Cave, M., Majumdar, S. and Vogelsang, I. (eds.), Handbook of Telecommunications Economics: Volume 1, Amsterdam et al.: North-Holland, 297-386. Open Google Scholar
  28. Armstrong, M. (2006). ‘Competition in Two-Sided Markets’, RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3), 668-691. Open Google Scholar
  29. Arrow, K.J. (1962). ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention’, in: National Bureau of Economic Research (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 609–626. Open Google Scholar
  30. Ash, G., Morton, A., Dolly, M., Tarapore, P., Dvorak, C. and El Mghazli, Y. (2010). ‘Y.1541-QOSM: Model for Networks using Y.1541 Quality-of-Service Classes’, RFC 5976, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5976 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  31. AT&T (2018a). Network Latency, available: https://ipnetwork.bgtmo.ip.att.net/pws/network_delay.html [accessed 25 September 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  32. AT&T (2018b). Global Network Latency Averages, available: https://ipnetwork.bgtmo.ip.att.net/pws/global_network_avgs.html [accessed 25 September 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  33. Averch, H. and Johnson, L.L. (1962). ‘Behaviour of the Firm under Regulatory Constraint’, American Economic Review, 52(5), 1052-1069. Open Google Scholar
  34. Awduche, D., Chiu, A., Elwalid, A., Widjaja, I. and Xiao, X. (2002). ‘Overview and Principles of Internet Traffic Engineering’, RFC 3272, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3272 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  35. Awduche, D., Malcolm, J., Agogbua, J., O’Dell, M. and McManus, J. (1999). ‘Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over MPLS’, RFC 2702, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2702 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  36. Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V. and Swallow, G. (2001). ‘RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels’, RFC 3209, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3209 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  37. Babiarz, J., Chan, K. and Baker, F. (2006). ‘Configuration Guidelines for DiffServ Service Classes’, RFC 4594, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4594 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  38. Bailey, E.E. (1981). ‘Contestability and the Design of Regulatory and Antitrust Policy’, American Economic Review, 71(2), 178-183. Open Google Scholar
  39. Bailey, J.P. (1998). ‘The Economics of Internet Interconnection Agreements’, in: McKnight, L.W. and Bailey, J.P. (eds.), Internet Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 155-168. Open Google Scholar
  40. Bain, J.S. (1951). ‘Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration: American Manufacturing, 1936-1940’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 65(3), 293-324. Open Google Scholar
  41. Bain, J.S. (1956). Barriers to New Competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  42. Baker, F., Polk, J. and Dolly, M. (2010). ‘A Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) for Capacity-Admitted Traffic’, RFC 5865, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5865 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  43. Baker, F., Iturralde, C., Le Faucheur, F. and Davie, B. (2001). ‘Aggregation of RSVP for I⁠P⁠v⁠4 and I⁠P⁠v⁠6 Reservations’, RFC 3175, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3175 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  44. Bangeman, E. (2006). ‘FCC classifies Broadband over Power Line as Information Service’, Arstechnica.com, 6 November, available: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2006/11/8154/ [accessed 30 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  45. Barwick, R. (2017). ‘The Future of the Internet is Up for Grabs — Theoretically: Critics Say New FCC Chair Ajit Pai Has Already Made Up his Mind on Net Neutrality’, The Center for Public Integrity, 3 October, available: https://www.publicintegrity.org/2017/10/03/21196/future-internet-grabs-theoretically [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  46. Bates, T., Smith, P. and Huston, G. (2018). CIDR Report, 10 December, available: http://www.cidr-report.org/as2.0/#General_Status [accessed 10 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  47. Bator, F.M. (1958). ‘The Anatomy of Market Failure’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 72(3), 351-379. Open Google Scholar
  48. Batura, O. (2016). Universal Service in WTO and EU Law: Liberalisation and Social Regulation in Telecommunications, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press. Open Google Scholar
  49. Bauer, J.M. (2005). ‘Unbundling Policy in the United States Players, Outcomes and Effects’, Communications & Strategies, 57(1), 59-82. Open Google Scholar
  50. Bauer, S. (2008). Congestion on the Internet: Operator Responses, Economic Analysis, and Improving the Network Architecture, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Open Google Scholar
  51. Bauer, J.M. and Bohlin, E. (2008). ‘From Static to Dynamic Regulation: Recent Developments in US Telecommunications Policy’, Intereconomics, 43(1), 38-50. Open Google Scholar
  52. Bauer, J.M. and Knieps, G. (2018). ‘Complementary Innovation and Network Neutrality’, Telecommunications Policy, 42(2), 172-183. Open Google Scholar
  53. Bauer, J.M. and Obar, J.A. (2014). ‘Reconciling Political and Economic Goals in the Net Neutrality Debate’, The Information Society, 30(1), 1-19. Open Google Scholar
  54. Bauer, S., Clark, D.D. and Lehr, W. (2009). ‘The Evolution of Internet Congestion’, Paper presented at the 37th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 26-27 September, Arlington, VA, available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1999830 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  55. Bauer, S., Lehr. W.H. and Hung, S. (2015). ‘Gigabit Broadband, Interconnection Propositions, and the Challenge of Managing Expectations’, Paper presented at the 43rd Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 25-27 September, Arlington, VA, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2586805 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  56. Bauer, S., Lehr, W.H. and Mou, M. (2016). ‘Improving the Measurement and Analysis of Gigabit Broadband Networks’, 31 March, available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2757050 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2757050 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  57. Baumgartner, J. (2014). ‘Netflix to Pai: ‘Open Connect Is Not a Fast Lane’: Responds to FCC Commissioner’s Concern About Private CDN Program’, Multichannel NEWS, 11 December, available: http://www.multichannel.com/news/tv-apps/netflix-pai-open-connect-not-fast-lane/386236 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  58. Baumgartner, F., Braun, T. and Habegger, P. (1998). ‘Differentiated Services: A New Approach for Quality of Service in the Internet’, in: van As, H.R. (ed.), High Performance Networking, HPN 1998, IFIP – The International Federation for Information Processing, Volume 8, Boston, MA: Springer, 255-273. Open Google Scholar
  59. Baumol, W.J. (1977). ‘On the Proper Cost Test for Natural Monopolies in a Multiproduct Industry’, American Economic Review, 67(5), 809-822. Open Google Scholar
  60. Baumol, W.J. (1982). ‘Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure’, American Economic Review, 72(1), 1-15. Open Google Scholar
  61. Baumol, W.J. and Bradford, D.F. (1970). ‘Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing’, American Economic Review, 60(3), 265-283. Open Google Scholar
  62. Baumol, W.J. and Willig, R.D. (1983). ‘Pricing Issues in the Deregulation of Railroad Rates’, in: Finsinger, J. (ed.), Economic Analysis of Regulated Markets, London and Basingstoke: McMillan, 11-47. Open Google Scholar
  63. Baumol, W.J., Panzar, J.C. and Willig, R.D. (1982). Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Open Google Scholar
  64. Baumol, W.J., Panzar, J.C. and Willig, R.D. (1983). ‘Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure: Reply’, American Economic Review, 73(3), 491-496. Open Google Scholar
  65. Baumol, W.J., Litan, R.E., Cave, M.E., Cramton, P., Hahn, R.W., Hazlett, T.W., Joskow, P.L., Kahn, A.E., Mayo, J.W., Messerlin, P.A., Owen, B.M., Pindyck, R.S., Smith, V.L., Wallsten, S., Waverman, L., White, L.J. and Savage, S. (2007). ‘Economists’ Statement on Network Neutrality Policy’, AEI-Brookings Joint Center Working Paper, No. RP07-08, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.976889 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  66. Beath, J. and Katsoulacos, Y. (1991). The Economic Theory of Product Differentiation, Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  67. Becker, G.S., Carlton, D.W. and Sider, H.S. (2010). ‘Net Neutrality and Consumer Welfare’, Journal of Competition Law and Economics, 6(3), 497-519. Open Google Scholar
  68. Beesley, M.E. and Littlechild, S.C. (1989). ‘The Regulation of Privatized Monopolies in the United Kingdom’, RAND Journal of Economics, 20(3), 454-472. Open Google Scholar
  69. Begen, A.C. and Timmerer, C. (2017). ‘Adaptive Streaming of Traditional and Omnidirectional Media’, ACM SIGCOMM Tutorial, 21-25 August, Los Angeles, CA, available: http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2017/files/tutorial-adaptive-streaming.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  70. Belleflamme, P. and Peitz, M. (2015). Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies, 2nd ed., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  71. Belli, L. and De Filippi, P. (eds.) (2016). Net Neutrality Compendium: Human Rights, Free Competition and the Future of the Internet, Cham et al: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  72. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2011). BEREC Guidelines on Net Neutrality and Transparency: Best Practices and Recommended Approaches, Draft, BoR (11) 44, 3 October. Open Google Scholar
  73. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2012a). Differentiation Practices and Related Competition Issues in the Scope of Net Neutrality, Draft Report for Public Consultation, BoR (12) 31, 29 May. Open Google Scholar
  74. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2012b). BEREC
Guidelines for Quality of Service in the Scope of Net Neutrality, Draft Report for Public Consultation, BoR (12) 32, 29 May. Open Google Scholar
  75. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2012c). An Assessment of IP-Interconnection in the Context of Net Neutrality, Draft Report for Public Consultation, BoR (12) 33, 29 May. Open Google Scholar
  76. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2012d). BEREC Public Consultations on Net Neutrality, Explanatory Paper, Draft, BoR (12) 34, 29 May. Open Google Scholar
  77. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2012e). An Assessment of IP Interconnection in the Context of Net Neutrality, Report, BoR (12) 130, 6 December. Open Google Scholar
  78. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2014). Monitoring Quality of Internet Access Services in the Context of Net Neutrality: Update after Public Consultation, Report, BoR (14) 117, 25 September. Open Google Scholar
  79. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2016a). BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules, Draft, BoR (16) 94, 2 June. Open Google Scholar
  80. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2016b). BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules, Guidelines, BoR (16) 127, 30 August. Open Google Scholar
  81. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2017a). Net Neutrality Regulatory Assessment Methodology, BoR (17) 178, 5 October. Open Google Scholar
  82. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2017b). Net Neutrality Measurement Tool Specification, Report, BoR (17) 179, 5 October. Open Google Scholar
  83. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2017c). BEREC Report on IP-Interconnection Practices in the Context of Net Neutrality, Report, BoR (17) 184, 5 October. Open Google Scholar
  84. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2017d). Report on the Implementation of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 and BEREC Net Neutrality Guidelines, Report, BoR (17) 240, 7 December. Open Google Scholar
  85. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2018a). Tender Specifications No BEREC/2018/01/OT Net Neutrality Measurement Tool, BoR (18) 32, March. Open Google Scholar
  86. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2018b). Report on the Implementation of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 and BEREC Net Neutrality Guidelines, Report, BoR (18) 170, 4 October. Open Google Scholar
  87. BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) (2018c). BEREC Report on the Outcome of the Consultation on the Evaluation of the Application of Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 and the BEREC Net Neutrality Guidelines, Report, BoR (18) 245, 6 December. Open Google Scholar
  88. Berger, A.W. and Whitt, W. (1998). ‘Extending the Effective Bandwidth Concept to Networks with Priority Classes’, IEEE Communications Magazine, 36(8), 78-83. Open Google Scholar
  89. Berger-Kögler, U. and Kruse, J. (2011). ‘Net Neutrality Regulation of the Internet?’, International Journal of Management and Network Economics, 2(1), 3-23. Open Google Scholar
  90. Bernet, Y., Ford, P., Yavatkar, R., Baker, F., Zhang, L., Speer, M., Braden, R., Davie, B., Wroclawski, J. and Felstaine, E. (2000). ‘A Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks’, RFC 2998, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2998 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  91. Bertsekas, D.P. (2002). ‘Traffic Behavior and Queuing in a QoS Environment’, Session 1813, Networking Tutorials, available: web.mit.edu/dimitrib/www/OPNET_Full_Presentation.ppt [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  92. Besen, S., Milgrom, P., Bridger, M. and Padmanabhan, S. (2001). ‘Advances in Routing Technologies and Internet Peering Agreements’, American Economic Review, 91(2), 292-296. Open Google Scholar
  93. Birke, F. (2009). Zum Wandel des Universaldienstes in der Telekommunikation – Eine netzökonomische Analyse, Freiburger Studien zur Netzökonomie, Band 15, Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  94. Black, D. (ed.) and Jones, P. (2015). ‘Differentiated Services (Diffserv) and Real-Time Communication’, RFC 7657, available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc7657.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  95. Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z. and Weiss, W. (1998). ‘An Architecture for Differentiated Services’, RFC 2475, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2475 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  96. Blanchette, J.-F. (2011). ‘A Material History of Bits’, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(6), 1042-1057. Open Google Scholar
  97. Blankart, C.B. and Knieps, G. (1989). ‘What Can We Learn from Comparative Institutional Analysis? The Case of Telecommunications’, Kyklos, 42(4), 579-598. Open Google Scholar
  98. Blankart, C.B., Knieps, G. and Zenhäusern, P. (2007). ‘Regulation of New Markets in Telecommunications: Market Dynamics and Shrinking Monopolistic Bottlenecks’, European Business Organization Law Review, 8(3), 413-428. Open Google Scholar
  99. Blanton, E., Allman, M., Wang, L., Jarvinen, I., Kojo, M. and Nishida, Y. (2012). ‘A Conservative Loss Recovery Algorithm Based on Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) for TCP’, RFC 6675, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6675 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  100. Bless, R., Nichols, K. and Wehrle, K. (2003). ‘A Lower Effort Per-Domain Behavior (PDB) for Differentiated Services’, RFC 3662, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3662 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  101. Blumenthal, M.S. and Clark, D.D. (2001). ‘Rethinking the Design of the Internet: The End-to-End Arguments vs. the Brave New World’, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 9(2), 70-109. Open Google Scholar
  102. Böttger, T., Cuadrado, F. and Uhlig, S. (2018a). ‘Looking for Hypergiants in PeeringDB’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 48(3), 13-19. Open Google Scholar
  103. Böttger, T., Cuadrado, F., Tyson, G., Castro, I. and Uhlig, S. (2018b). ‘Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lense of the Netflix CDN’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 48(1), 28-34. Open Google Scholar
  104. Böttger, T., Antichi, G., Fernandes, E.L., di Lallo, R., Bruyere, M., Uhlig, S. and Castro, I. (2018c). ‘The Elusive Internet Flattening: 10 Years of IXP Growth’, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1810.10963v2, 7 November, available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.10963 [accessed 15 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  105. Bohn, R.E., Braun, H.-W., Claffy, kc and Wolff, S. (1994). ‘Mitigating the Coming Internet Crunch: Multiple Service Levels via Precedence’, Journal of High Speed Networks, 3(4), 335-349. Open Google Scholar
  106. Boorstin, J. (2015). ‘BitTorrent’s Original Content Push’, CNBC.com, 11 February, available: https://www.cnbc.com/2015/02/11/bittorrents-original-content-push.html [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  107. Borella, M.S., Upadhyay, V. and Sidhu, I. (1999). ‘Pricing Framework for a Differential Services Internet’, European Transactions on Telecommunications, 10(3), 275-288. Open Google Scholar
  108. Bork, R.H. (1965). ‘The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Concept: Price Fixing and Market Division’, Yale Law Journal, 74(5), 775-847. Open Google Scholar
  109. Bork, R.H. (1966). ‘The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Concept: Price Fixing and Market Division’, Yale Law Journal, 75(3), 373-475. Open Google Scholar
  110. Bornstaedt, F. von (2012). Deutsche Telekom Group – Quality-of-Service (QoS) for IP-Transit and Peering, White Paper, Version 1.02. Open Google Scholar
  111. Bornstaedt, F. von, Roettgermann, M., Korthals, I., Johansen, F.T. and Lønsethagen, H. (2011). ‘“The Sending Party Network Pays”: A First Step towards End-to-End Quality of Service’, Paper presented at the 15th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN), 4-7 October, Berlin, Germany, 1-5, available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6081074 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  112. Borrmann, J. and Finsinger, J. (1999). Markt und Regulierung, München: Verlag Vahlen. Open Google Scholar
  113. Botta, A., de Donato, W., Persico, V. and Pescapé, A. (2016). ‘Integration of Cloud Computing and Internet of Things: A Survey’, Future Generation Computer Systems, 56, 684-700. Open Google Scholar
  114. Bouras, C. and Sevasti, A. (2005). ‘Service Level Agreements for DiffServ-based Services’ Provisioning’, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 28(4), 285-302. Open Google Scholar
  115. Bourreau, M., Kourandi, F. and Valletti, T. (2015). ‘Net Neutrality with Competing Internet Platforms’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 63(1), 30-73. Open Google Scholar
  116. Boyle, J., Gill, V., Hannan, A., Cooper, D., Awduche, D., Christian, B. and Lai, W.S. (2002). ‘Applicability Statement for Traffic Engineering with MPLS’, RFC 3346, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3346 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  117. Braden, R. (ed.) (1989). ‘Requirements for Internet Hosts—Communication Layers’, RFC 1122, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  118. Braden, R., Clark, D.D. and Shenker, S. (1994). ‘Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: An Overview’, RFC 1633, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1633 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  119. Braden, R. (ed.), Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S. and Jamin, S. (1997). ‘Resource ReSerVation Protocol – Version 1 Functional Specification’, RFC 2205, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2205 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  120. Brakmo, L.S. and Peterson L.L. (1995). ‘TCP Vegas: End to End Congestion Avoidance on a Global Internet’, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 13(8), 1465-1480. Open Google Scholar
  121. Brand X (2005). National Cable and Telecommunications Assn. v. Brand X Internet Services, 545 U.S. 967. Open Google Scholar
  122. Brennan, T.J. (2011). ‘Net Neutrality or Minimum Quality Standards: Network Effects vs. Market Power Justifications’, in: Spiecker gen. Döhmann, I. and Krämer, J. (eds.), Network Neutrality and Open Access, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 61-80. Open Google Scholar
  123. Brennan, T.J. (2017). ‘The Post-Internet Order Broadband Sector: Lessons from the Pre-Open Internet Order Experience’, Review of Industrial Organization, 50(4), 469-486. Open Google Scholar
  124. Bresnahan, T. (2010). ‘General Purpose Technologies’, in: Hall, B.H. and Rosenberg, N. (eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation: Volume 2, Amsterdam et al.: North-Holland, 761-791. Open Google Scholar
  125. Bresnahan, T. and Trajtenberg, M. (1995). ‘General Purpose Technologies ‘Engines of growth’?’, Journal of Econometrics, 65 (1), 83-108. Open Google Scholar
  126. Briglauer, W. (2014). ‘The Impact of Regulation and Competition on the Adoption of Fiber-Based Broadband Services: Recent Evidence from the European Union Member States’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 46(1), 51-79. Open Google Scholar
  127. Briglauer, W. (2015). ‘How EU Sector-Specific Regulations and Competition Affect Migration from Old to New Communications Infrastructure: Recent Evidence from EU27 Member States’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 48(2), 194-217. Open Google Scholar
  128. Briglauer, W. and Cambini, C. (2017). The Role of Regulation in Incentivizing Investment in New Communications Infrastructure, Report Prepared for Deutsche Telekom, available: http://www.zew.de/en/forschung/analyzing-the-role-of-various-regulation-schemes-in-incentivizing-investment-in-new-communications-infrastructure/?cHash=a198b45c72aa4ba99f2c0e3cde780f0d [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  129. Briglauer, W., Cambini, C. and Grajek, M. (2018a). ‘Speeding Up the Internet: Regulation and Investment in the European Fiber Optic Infrastructure’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 61, 613-652. Open Google Scholar
  130. Briglauer, W., Stocker, V. and Whalley, J. (2018b). ‘Public Policy Targets in EU Broadband Markets: The Role of Technological Neutrality’, Paper presented at the 29th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS), 1-4 August, Trento, Italy, available: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/184936 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  131. Briscoe, B. (2007). ‘Flow Rate Fairness: Dismantling a Religion’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 37(2), 65-74. Open Google Scholar
  132. Briscoe, B. (2008). ‘A Fairer, Faster Internet’, IEEE Spectrum, 45(12), 42-47. Open Google Scholar
  133. Briscoe, B. and Rudkin, S. (2005). ‘Commercial Models for IP Quality of Service Interconnect’, BT Technology Journal, 23(2), 171-195. Open Google Scholar
  134. Briscoe, B., Odlyzko, A. and Tilly, B. (2006). ‘Metcalfe’s Law is Wrong: Communications Networks increase in Value as they add Members – But by How Much? The Devil is in the Detail’, IEEE Spectrum, 43(7), 34-39. Open Google Scholar
  135. Brito, J., Cave, M.E., Crandall, R.W., Darby, L.F., Ehrlich, E., Eisenach, J.A., Ellig, J., Ergas, H., Farber, D.J., Faulhaber, G.R., Hahn, R.W., Kahn, A.E., Leighton, W.A., Litan, R.E., Robinson, G.O., Singer, H.J., Smith, V.L., Taylor, W.E., Tardiff, T.J., Waverman, L. and Weisman, D. (2010). ‘Net Neutrality Regulation: The Economic Evidence’, 12 April, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1587058 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  136. Broadband Stakeholder Group (2016). Open Internet Code of Practice 2016, available: http://www.broadbanduk.org/policies/the-open-internet/open-internet-code-of-practice-2016/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  137. Brodkin, J. (2014). ‘Netflix Performance on Verizon and Comcast has been Dropping for Months: Latest Netflix Data Shows some ISPs Struggling, while Google Fiber Soars’, ArsTechnica, 10 February, available: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/02/netflix-performance-on-verizon-and-comcast-has-been-dropping-for-months/ [accessed 22 October 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  138. Brown, S.J. and Sibley, D.S. (1986). The Theory of Public Utility Pricing, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  139. Bush, R. and Meyer, D. (2002). ‘Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy’, RFC 3439, available: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3439.txt [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  140. Button, K. (2004). ‘The Rationale for Road Pricing: Standard Theory and Latest Advances’, in: Santos, G. (ed.), Road Pricing: Theory and Evidence, Research in Transportation Economics: Volume 9, Amsterdam et al.: Elsevier, 3-25. Open Google Scholar
  141. CableLabs (2018). Search Specifications Library, available: http://www.cablelabs.com/specs/specification-search/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  142. Caillaud, B. and Jullien, B. (2003). ‘Chicken & Egg: Competition among Intermediation Service Providers’, RAND Journal of Economics, 34(2), 309-328. Open Google Scholar
  143. Cannon, R. (2003). ‘The Legacy of the Federal Communications Commission’s Computer Inquiries’, Federal Communications Law Journal, 55(2), 167-206. Open Google Scholar
  144. Carlton, D.W. (2004). ‘Why Barriers to Entry Are Barriers to Understanding’, American Economic Review, 94(2), 466-470. Open Google Scholar
  145. Carlton, D.W. and Perloff, J.M. (2005). Modern Industrial Organization, 4th ed. (Internat. ed.), Boston et al.: Pearson. Open Google Scholar
  146. Carpenter, B.E. and Nichols, K. (2002). ‘Differentiated Services in the Internet’, Proceedings of the IEEE, 90(2), 1479-1494. Open Google Scholar
  147. Carr, C.S. (1969). ‘Network Subsystem for Time Sharing Hosts’, RFC 15, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc15 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  148. Carter, K., Marcus, J.S. and Wernick, C. (2008). Network Neutrality: Implications for Europe, WIK Discussion Paper No. 314, December, Bad Honnef: WIK. Open Google Scholar
  149. Castro, I., Cardona, J.C., Gorinsky, S. and Francois, P. (2014). ‘Remote Peering: More Peering without Internet Flattening’, Proceedings of the 10th ACM International on Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT ‘14), 2-5 December, Sydney, Australia, 185-198, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/2674005.2675013 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  150. Cave, M. (2018). ‘How Disruptive is 5G?’, Telecommunications Policy, 42(8), 653-658. Open Google Scholar
  151. Cave, M. and Crocioni, P. (2007). ‘Does Europe Need Network Neutrality Rules?’, International Journal of Communication, 1, 669-679. Open Google Scholar
  152. Cave, M. and Mason, R. (2001). ‘The Economics of the Internet: Infrastructure and Regulation’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 17(2), 188–201.
 Open Google Scholar
  153. Cave, M. and Vogelsang, I. (2015). ‘Net Neutrality: an E.U./U.S. Comparison’, Competition Policy International, 11(1), 85-95. Open Google Scholar
  154. Caves, K.W. (2012). ‘Modeling the Welfare Effects of Net Neutrality Regulation: A Comment on Economides and Tåg’, Information Economics and Policy, 24(3-4), 288-292. Open Google Scholar
  155. Cerf, V.G. and Kahn, R.E. (1974). ‘A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication’, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 22(5), 637-648. Open Google Scholar
  156. Chadwick, E. (1859). ‘Results of Different Principles of Legislation and Administration in Europe; of Competition for the Field, as Compared with Competition within the Field, of Service’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 22(3), 381-420. Open Google Scholar
  157. Chamberlin, E.H. (1933). The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  158. Chan, K., Babiarz, J. and Baker, F. (2008). ‘Aggregation of Diffserv Service Classes’, RFC 5127, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5127 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  159. Chandra, R., Traina, P. and Li, T. (1996). ‘BGP Communities Attribute’, RFC 1997, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1997 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  160. Chatzis, N., Smaragdakis, G., Feldmann, A. and Willinger, W. (2013). ‘There is More to IXPs Than Meets the Eye’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 43(5), 19-28. Open Google Scholar
  161. Chau, C.-K., Wang, Q. and Chiu, D.-M. (2010). ‘On the Viability of Paris Metro Pricing for Communication and Service Networks’, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, 14-19 March, San Diego, CA, 929-937. Open Google Scholar
  162. Chau, C.-K., Wang, Q. and Chiu, D.-M. (2014). ‘Economic Viability of Paris Metro Pricing for Digital Services’, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 14(2-3), Article 12. Open Google Scholar
  163. Chen, J-Y. and Zhang, T. (2004). IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks: Systems, Architectures, and Protocols, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  164. Cheng, H.K., Bandyopadhyay, S. and Guo, H. (2011). ‘The Debate on Net Neutrality: A Policy Perspective’. Information Systems Research, 22(1), 60-82. Open Google Scholar
  165. Choffnes, D., Gill, P. and Mislove, A. (2017). ‘An Empirical Evaluation of Deployed DPI Middleboxes and Their Implications for Policymakers’, Paper presented at the 45th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 7-9 September, Arlington, VA, available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2941535 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  166. Choi, J.P. and Kim, B.-C. (2010). ‘Net Neutrality and Investment Incentives’, RAND Journal of Economics, 41(3), 446-471. Open Google Scholar
  167. Choi, J.P., Jeon, D.-S. and Kim, B.-C. (2015). ‘Net Neutrality, Business Models, and Internet Interconnection’, American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 7(3), 104-141. Open Google Scholar
  168. Choi, J.P., Jeon, D.-S. and Kim, B.-C. (2018). ‘Net Neutrality, Network Capacity, and Innovation at the Edges’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 66(1), 172-204. Open Google Scholar
  169. Cisco (2006a). DiffServ – The Scalable End-to-End Quality of Service Model, White Paper, available: https://www.cisco.com/en/US/technologies/tk543/tk766/technologies_white_paper09186a00800a3e2f.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  170. Cisco (2006b). I⁠P⁠v⁠6 Extension Headers Review and Considerations, White Paper, available: https://www.cisco.com/en/US/technologies/tk648/tk872/technologies_white_paper0900aecd8054d37d.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  171. Cisco (2013). Cisco Nexus 7000 Series NX-OS MPLS Configuration Guide, available: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/datacenter/sw/5_x/nx-os/mpls/configuration/guide/mpls_cg.html [accessed 28 November 2018] Open Google Scholar
  172. Cisco (2017a). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2016–2021, 7 February, available: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  173. Cisco (2017b). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2016–2021, 6 June. Open Google Scholar
  174. Cisco (2018a). MPLS Traffic Engineering – DiffServ Aware (DS-TE), available: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/mp_te_diffserv/configuration/xe-3s/mp-te-diffserv-xe-3s-book/mp-te-diffserv-aw.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  175. Cisco (2018b). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends, 2017–2022, 26 November, available: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white-paper-c11-741490.html [accessed 10 January 2019]. Open Google Scholar
  176. Claffy, kc and Clark, D.D. (2014). ‘Platform Models for Sustainable Internet Regulation’, Journal of Information Policy, 4, 463-488. Open Google Scholar
  177. Claffy, kc and Clark, D.D. (2016). ‘Adding Enhanced Services to the Internet: Lessons from History’, Journal of Information Policy, 6, 206-251. Open Google Scholar
  178. Claffy, kc, Clark, D.D., Bauer, S. and Dhamdhere, A. (2016). ‘Policy Challenges in Mapping Internet Interdomain Congestion’, Paper presented at the 44th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 30 September-1 October, Arlington, VA, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2756868 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  179. Clark, D.D. (1982). ‘Modularity and Efficiency in Protocol Implementation’, RFC 817, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc817 [accessed: 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  180. Clark, D.D. (1988). ‘The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 18(4), 106-114. Open Google Scholar
  181. Clark, D.D. (1998). ‘Internet Cost Allocation and Pricing’, in: McKnight, L.W. and Bailey, J.P. (eds.), Internet Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 215-252. Open Google Scholar
  182. Clark, D.D. (2007). ‘Network Neutrality: Words of Power and 800-Pound Gorillas’, International Journal of Communication, 1, 701-708. Open Google Scholar
  183. Clark, D.D. (2018). Designing an Internet, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  184. Clark, J.M. (1940). ‘Toward a Concept of Workable Competition’, American Economic Review, 30(2), 241-256.
 Open Google Scholar
  185. Clark, J.M. (1961). Competition as a Dynamic Process, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Open Google Scholar
  186. Clark, D.D. and Blumenthal, M.S. (2011). ‘The End-to-End Argument and Application Design: The Role of Trust’, Federal Communications Law Journal, 63(2), 357-390. Open Google Scholar
  187. Clark, D.D., Lehr, W.H. and Bauer, S. (2016). ‘Interconnection in the Internet: Peering, Interoperability and Content Delivery’, in: Bauer, J.M. and Latzer, M. (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 344-362. Open Google Scholar
  188. Clark, D.D., Shenker, S. and Zhang, L. (1992). ‘Supporting Real-Time Applications in an Integrated Services Packet Network: Architecture and Mechanism’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 22(4), 14-26. Open Google Scholar
  189. Clark, D.D., Wroclawski, J., Sollins, K. and Braden, R. (2005). ‘Tussle in Cyberspace: Defining Tomorrow’s Internet’, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 13(3), 462-475. Open Google Scholar
  190. Clark, D.D., Lehr, B., Bauer, S., Faratin, P., Sami, R. and Wroclawski, J. (2006). ‘Overlay Networks and the Future of the Internet’, Communications & Strategies, 63(3), 109-129. Open Google Scholar
  191. Claypool, M., Wang, T. and Watts, M. (2015). ‘A Taxonomy for Player Actions with Latency in Network Games’, Proceedings of the 25th ACM Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV ’15), 18-20 March, Portland, OR, 67-72. Open Google Scholar
  192. Coase, R.H. (1960). ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, The Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44. Open Google Scholar
  193. Cocchi, R., Estrin, D., Shenker, S. and Zhang, L. (1991). ‘A Study of Priority Pricing in Multiple Service Class Networks’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 21(4), 123-130. Open Google Scholar
  194. Cocchi, R., Shenker, S., Estrin, D. and Zhang, L. (1993). ‘Pricing in Computer Networks: Motivation, Formulation, and Example’, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 1(6), 614-627. Open Google Scholar
  195. Collins, K. (2018). ‘Net Neutrality Has Officially Been Repealed. Here’s How That Could Affect You.’, New York Times, 11 June, available: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/11/technology/net-neutrality-repeal.html [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  196. Comcast (2010). ‘Comcast Statement on U.S. Court of Appeals Decision on Comcast v. FCC’, 6 April, available: http://corporate.comcast.com/news-information/news-feed/comcast-statement-on-us-court-of-appeals-decision-on-comcast-v-fcc [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  197. Comer, D.E. (2009). Computer Networks and Internets, 5th ed., New Jersey: Pearson. Open Google Scholar
  198. Cooper, A. (2013). How Regulation and Competition Influence Discrimination in Broadband Traffic Management: A Comparative Study of Net Neutrality in the United States and the United Kingdom, PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, available: https://alissacooperdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/thesis.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  199. Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M. and Cheshire, S. (2011). ‘Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry’, RFC 6335, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6335 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  200. Courcoubetis, C. and Weber, R. (2003). Pricing Communication Networks: Economics, Technology and Modelling, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  201. Courcoubetis, C., Kelly, F.P. and Weber, R. (2000). ‘Measurement-Based Usage Charges in Communications Networks’, Operations Research, 48(4), 535–548. Open Google Scholar
  202. Crandall, R.W. and Waverman, L. (2000). Who Pays for Universal Service? When Telephone Subsidies Become Transparent, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. Open Google Scholar
  203. Crémer, J., Rey, P. and Tirole, J. (2000). ‘Connectivity in the Commercial Internet’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 48(4), 433-472. Open Google Scholar
  204. Cremer, H., Gasmi, F., Grimaud, A. and Laffont, J.-J. (2001). ‘Universal Service: An Economic Perspective’, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 72(1), 5-43. Open Google Scholar
  205. Crocioni, P. (2011). ‘Net Neutrality in Europe: Desperately Seeking a Market Failure’, Telecommunications Policy, 35(1), 1-11. Open Google Scholar
  206. Crocker, S., Carr, S. and Cerf, V. (1970). ‘New HOST-Host Protocol’, RFC 33, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc33 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  207. Crowcroft, J. (2007). ‘Net Neutrality: The Technical Side of the Debate’, International Journal of Communication, 1, 567-579.
 Open Google Scholar
  208. Crowcroft, J. (2011). ‘The Affordance of Asymmetry or a Rendezvous with the Random?’, Communications & Convergence Review, 3(1), 40-56.
 Open Google Scholar
  209. David, P.A. (1985). ‘Clio and the Economics of QWERTY’, American Economic Review, 75(2), 332-337. Open Google Scholar
  210. David, P.A. (2007). ‘Path Dependence: A Foundational Concept for Historical Social Science’, Cliometrica, 1(2), 91-114. Open Google Scholar
  211. Davie, B., Charny, A., Bennett, J.C.R., Benson, K., Le Boudec, J.Y., Courtney, W., Davari, S., Firoiu, V. and Stiliadis, D. (2002). ‘An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop- Behavior)’, RFC 3246, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3246 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  212. Davies, R. (2014). Net Neutrality in Europe, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), Briefing, 25 March. Open Google Scholar
  213. Davies, R. (2016). Broadband as a Universal Service, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), Briefing, April. Open Google Scholar
  214. Davis, A., Parikh, J. and Weihl, W.E. (2004). ‘EdgeComputing: Extending Enterprise Applications to the Edge of the Internet’, Proceedings of the 13th International World Wide Web Conference on Alternate Track Papers & Posters (WWW Alt. ‘04), 19-21 May, New York, NY, 180-187, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/1013367.1013397 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  215. Debreu, G. (1959). Theory of Value: An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Open Google Scholar
  216. Deering, S. and Hinden, R. (1995). ‘Internet Protocol, Version 6 (I⁠P⁠v⁠6) Specification’, RFC 1883, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1883 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  217. Deering, S. and Hinden, R. (1998). ‘Internet Protocol, Version 6 (I⁠P⁠v⁠6) Specification’, RFC 2460, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2460 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  218. Deering, S. and Hinden, R. (2017). ‘Internet Protocol, Version 6 (I⁠P⁠v⁠6) Specification’, RFC 8200, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8200 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  219. Delgrossi, L. and Ferrari, D. (1999). ‘Charging Schemes for Reservation-Based Networks’, Telecommunication Systems, 11(1), 127-137. Open Google Scholar
  220. Delp, A.B. and Mayo, J.W. (2017). ‘The Evolution of “Competition”: Lessons for 21st Century Telecommunications Policy’, Review of Industrial Organization, 50(4), 393-416. Open Google Scholar
  221. Demichelis, C. and Chimento, P. (2002). ‘IP Packet Delay Variation Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)’, RFC 3393, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3393 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  222. Demsetz, H. (1968). ‘Why Regulate Utilities?’, Journal of Law and Economics, 11(1), 55-65. Open Google Scholar
  223. Demsetz, H. (2011). ‘The Problem of Social Cost: What Problem? A Critique of the Reasoning of A.C. Pigou and R.H. Coase’, Review of Law and Economics, 7(1), 1-13. Open Google Scholar
  224. Dewan, S. and Mendelson, H. (1990). ‘User Delay Costs and Internal Pricing for a Service Facility’, Management Science, 36(12), 1502-1517. Open Google Scholar
  225. Dhamdhere, A. and Dovrolis, C. (2010). ‘The Internet is Flat: Modeling the Transition from a Transit Hierarchy to a Peering Mesh’, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies (ACM CoNEXT 2010), 30 November-3 December, Philadelphia, PA, Article No 21, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1921168.1921196 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  226. Dilley, J., Maggs, B.M., Parikh, J., Prokop, H., Sitaraman, R. and Weihl, B. (2002). ‘Globally Distributed Content Delivery’, IEEE Internet Computing, 6(5), 50-58. Open Google Scholar
  227. Dischinger, M., Marcon, M., Guha, S., Gummadi, K.P., Mahajan, R. and Saroiu, S. (2010). ‘Glasnost: Enabling End Users to Detect Traffic Differentiation’, Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Networked systems design and implementation (NSDI ‘10), 28-30 April, San Jose, CA, available: https://ratul.org/papers/nsdi2010-glasnost.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  228. Dixit, A.K. and Stiglitz, J.E. (1977). ‘Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity’, American Economic Review, 67(3), 297-308. Open Google Scholar
  229. Dodd, M., Jung, A., Mitchell, B., Paterson, P. and Reynolds, P. (2009). ‘Bill-and-Keep and the Economics of Interconnection in Next-Generation Networks’, Telecommunications Policy, 33(5-6), 324-337. Open Google Scholar
  230. Dolan, T. (2000). ‘Internet Pricing: Is the End of the World Wide Wait in View?’, Communications & Strategies, 37(1), 15-46. Open Google Scholar
  231. Dordick, H.S. (1990). ‘The Origins of Universal Service: History as a Determinant of Telecommunications Policy’, Telecommunications Policy, 14(3), 223-231. Open Google Scholar
  232. DotEcon and Axon (2018). Study on Implications of 5G Deployment on Future Business Models, A Report by DotEcon Ltd and Axon Partners Group, No BEREC/2017/02/NP3, BoR (18) 23, 14 March. Open Google Scholar
  233. Duke, M., Braden, R., Eddy, W., Blanton, E. and Zimmermann, A. (2015). ‘A Roadmap for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Specification Documents’, RFC 7414, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7414 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  234. Easley, R., Guo, H. and Krämer, J. (2018). ‘Research Commentary–From Net Neutrality to Data Neutrality:
A Techno-Economic Framework and Research Agenda’, Information Systems Research, 29(2), 253-272. Open Google Scholar
  235. EC (European Commission) (1999). Towards a New Framework for Electronic Communications Infrastructure and Associated Services: The 1999 Communications Review, COM (1999) 539final, 10 November, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  236. EC (European Commission) (2002a). Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a Common Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications Networks and Services (Framework Directive), Official Journal of the European Communities, L 108, 33-50, 24 April, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  237. EC (European Commission) (2002b). Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on Universal Service and Users' Rights Relating to Electronic Communications Networks and Services (Universal Service Directive), Official Journal of the European Communities, L 108, 51-77, 24 April, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  238. EC (European Commission) (2003). Commission Recommendation of 11 February 2003 on Relevant Product and Service Markets within the Electronic Communications Sector Susceptible to Ex Ante Regulation in Accordance with Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Common Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communication Networks and Services, 2003/311/EC, Official Journal of the European Union, L 114, 45-49, 8 May, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  239. EC (European Commission) (2009a). Directive 2009/136/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 Amending Directive 2002/22/EC on Universal Service and Users’ Rights Relating to Electronic Communications Networks and Services, Directive 2002/58/EC Concerning the Processing of Personal Data and the Protection of Privacy in the Electronic Communications Sector and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 on Cooperation Between National Authorities Responsible for the Enforcement of Consumer Protection Laws, Official Journal of the European Union, L 337, 11-36, 18 December, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  240. EC (European Commission) (2009b). Directive 2009/140/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 Amending Directives 2002/21/EC on a Common Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications Networks and Services, 2002/19/EC on Access to, and Interconnection of, Electronic Communications Networks and Associated Facilities, and 2002/20/EC on the Authorisation of Electronic Communications Networks and Services, Official Journal of the European Union, L 337, 37-69, 18 December, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  241. EC (European Commission) (2010a). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Digital Agenda for Europe, COM (2010)245 final, 19 May, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  242. EC (European Commission) (2010b). ‘Digital Agenda: Commission Launches Consultation on Net Neutrality’, IP/10/860, 30 June, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  243. EC (European Commission) (2012a). ‘Digital Agenda: Commission Opens Public Consultation on Preservation of The Open Internet (Net Neutrality)’, Press Release, 23 July, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  244. EC (European Commission) (2012b). Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, C 326, 47-390, 26 October, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  245. EC (European Commission) (2013). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Measures Concerning the European Single Market for Electronic Communications and to Achieve a Connected Continent, and Amending Directives 2002/20/EC, 2002/21/EC and 2002/22/EC and Regulations (EC) No 1211/2009 and (EU) No 531/2012, COM(2013) 627 final, 11 September, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  246. EC (European Commission) (2016a). Connectivity for a Competitive Digital Single Market – Towards a European Gigabit Society, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM 2016(587) final, 14 September, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  247. EC (European Commission) (2016b). Review of the Scope of Universal Service, A Study Prepared for the European Commission, DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology by Tech4i2 Limited, Time.lex BV CVBA, Acreo and Genesis Media GmbH, SMART 2014/0011, 30 September, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  248. EC (European Commission) (2016c). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Electronic Communications Code (Recast), COM(2016) 590 final/2, 12 October, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  249. EC (European Commission) (2016d). Commission Staff Working Document Accompanying the Document ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Connectivity for a Competitive Digital Single Market – Towards a European Gigabit Society’, SWD(2016) 300 final, 14 September, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  250. EC (European Commission) (2018). Telecom Rules, available: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/telecoms-rules [accessed 17 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  251. Economides, N. (2005). ‘The Economics of the Internet Backbone’, in: Majumdar, S., Vogelsang, I. and Cave, M. (eds.), Handbook of Telecommunications: Volume 2, Amsterdam et al.: North-Holland, 375-413. Open Google Scholar
  252. Economides, N. (2008). ‘Net Neutrality, Non-Discrimination and Digital Distribution of Content Through the Internet’, I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 4(2), 209-233. Open Google Scholar
  253. Economides, N. and Hermalin, B.E. (2012). ‘The Economics of Network Neutrality’, RAND Journal of Economics, 43(4), 602-629. Open Google Scholar
  254. Economides, N. and Tåg, J. (2012). ‘Network Neutrality on the Internet: A Two-Sided Market Analysis’, Information Economics and Policy, 24(2), 91-104. Open Google Scholar
  255. Edell, R.J. and Varaiya, P.P. (1999). ‘Providing Internet Access: What we Learn from INDEX’, IEEE Network, 13(5), 18-25. Open Google Scholar
  256. Edell, R.J., McKeown, N. and Varaiya, P.P. (1995). ‘Billing Users and Pricing for TCP’, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 13(7), 1162-1175. Open Google Scholar
  257. Edelson, N.M. and Hildebrand, D.K. (1975). ‘Congestion Tolls for Poisson Queuing Processes’, Econometrica, 43(1), 81‐92. Open Google Scholar
  258. EDRi (European Digital Rights) (2016). Net Neutrality in Europe, available: http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/108784/Net-neutrality-in-Europe/#vars!date=2016-07-19_10:02:41! [accessed 5 September 2017]. Open Google Scholar
  259. Emerson (2010). Impact of Weather on Smart Wireless Networks, available: https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/impact-of-weather-on-smart-wireless-networks-en-42650.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  260. EPRA (European Platform for Regulatory Authorities) (2016). ‘Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications Under Review’, 6 October, available: https://www.epra.org/news_items/regulatory-framework-for-electronic-communications-under-review [accessed 13 July 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  261. ERG (European Regulators Group) (2008). Supplementary Document to the ERG Common Statement on Regulatory Principles of IP-IC/NGN Core – A work program towards a Common Position, ERG (08) 26b final. Open Google Scholar
  262. Erman, J., Gerber, A., Hajiaghayi, M.T., Pei, D. and Spatscheck, O. (2009). ‘Network-Aware Forward Caching’, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW ’09), 20-24 April, Madrid, Spain, 291–300. Open Google Scholar
  263. Esbin, B. (1998). ‘Internet over Cable: Defining the Future in Terms of the Past’, OPP Working Paper Series, No. 30, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission, available: https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp30.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  264. Estrin, D., Rekhter, Y. and Hotz, S. (1992). ‘A Unified Approach to Inter-Domain Routing’, RFC 1322, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1322 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  265. ETICS (2013). Dissemination Activity Report, Deliverable 8.2, Version: 0.1, March, available: https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/projects/cnect/7/248567/080/deliverables/001-eticsd82v3final.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  266. ETICS (2014). Final White Paper: January 2010 – March 2013, FP7 ETICS Consortium, January. Open Google Scholar
  267. EU (European Union) (2015). Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 Laying Down Measures Concerning Open Internet Access and Amending Directive 2002/22/EC on Universal Service and Users’ Rights Relating to Electronic Communications Networks and Services and Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 on Roaming on Public Mobile Communications Networks within the Union, Official Journal of the European Union, L 310, 1-18, 26 November, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  268. EU (European Union) (2018). Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code (Recast), Official Journal of the European Union, L 321, 36-214, 17 December, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  269. Eucken, W. (1990). Grundsätze der Wirtschaftspolitik, 6th ed., Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr. Open Google Scholar
  270. European Parliament (2011). The Open Internet and Net Neutrality in Europe, European Parliament Resolution of 17 November 2011 on the Open Internet and Net Neutrality in Europe, P7_TA(2011)0511, available: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+TA+P7-TA-2011-0511+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN [accessed 5 September 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  271. European Parliament (2014). European Parliament legislative resolution of 3 April 2014 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down measures concerning the European single market for electronic communications and to achieve a Connected Continent, and amending Directives 2002/20/EC, 2002/21/EC, 2002/22/EC, and Regulations (EC) No 1211/2009 and (EU) No 531/2012 (COM(2013)0627 – C7-0267/2013 – 2013/0309(COD)), P7_TA(2014)0281, 3 April, Brussels, Belgium. Open Google Scholar
  272. European Parliament (2017). Procedure File: 2013/0309(COD) Open Internet Access, available: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/ficheprocedure.do?reference=2013/0309(COD)&l=en [accessed 5 September 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  273. Evans, D. (2003). ‘Some Empirical Aspects of Multi-Sided Platform Industries’, Review of Network Economics, 2(3), 191-209. Open Google Scholar
  274. Evans, J. and Filsfils, C. (2007). Deploying IP and MPLS QOS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice, Amsterdam et al.: Elsevier. Open Google Scholar
  275. Evans, D. and Schmalensee, R. (2007). ‘The Industrial Organization of Markets with Two-Sided Platforms’, Competition Policy International, 3(1), 151-179.
 Open Google Scholar
  276. Evans, D. and Schmalensee, R. (2015). ‘The Antitrust Analysis of Multisided Platform Businesses’, in: Blair, R.D. and Sokol, D.D. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Antitrust Economics: Volume 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 404-449. Open Google Scholar
  277. Evans, D. and Schmalensee, R. (2016). Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms, Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press. Open Google Scholar
  278. Falkner, M., Devetsikiotis, M. and Lambadaris, I. (2000). ‘An Overview of Pricing Concepts for Broadband IP Networks’, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 3(2), 2-13. Open Google Scholar
  279. Faratin, P., Clark, D., Bauer, S., Lehr, W., Gilmore, P. and Berger, A. (2008). ‘The Growing Complexity of Internet Interconnection’, Communications & Strategies, 72(4), 51-71. Open Google Scholar
  280. Farrell, J. and Klemperer, P. (2007). ‘Coordination and Lock-In: Competition with Switching Costs and Network Effects’, in: M. Armstrong and Porter, R.H. (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization: Volume 3, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1967-2072. Open Google Scholar
  281. Farrell, J. and Saloner, G. (1985). ‘Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation’, RAND Journal of Economics, 16(1), 70-83. Open Google Scholar
  282. Farrell, J. and Saloner, G. (1986). ‘Installed Base and Compatibility: Innovation, Product Preannouncements, and Predation’, American Economic Review, 76(5), 940-955. Open Google Scholar
  283. Farrell, J. and Weiser, P. (2003). ‘Modularity, Vertical Integration, and Open Access Policies: Towards a Convergence of Antitrust and Regulation in the Internet Age’, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 17(1), 85-134. Open Google Scholar
  284. Farrell, A. (ed.), Ayyangar, A. and Vasseur, J.-P. (2008). ‘Inter-Domain MPLS and GMPLS Traffic Engineering – Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions’, RFC 5151, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5151 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  285. Farrell, A. (ed.), Papadimitriou, D., Vasseur, J.-P. and Ayyangar, A. (2006). ‘Encoding of Attributes for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP) Establishment using Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)’, RFC 4420, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4420 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  286. Faulhaber, G.R. (1975). ‘Cross-Subsidization: Pricing in Public Enterprises’, American Economic Review, 65(5), 966-977. Open Google Scholar
  287. Faulhaber, G.R. (2011). ‘Economics of Net Neutrality: A Review’, Communications & Convergence Review, 3(1), 7-25. Open Google Scholar
  288. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2002). In the Matter of Inquiring Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet Over Cable and Other Facilities; Internet Over Cable Declaratory Ruling; Appropriate Regulatory Treatment for Broadband Access to the Internet Over Cable Facilities, Declaratory Ruling and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, GN Docket No. 00-185, CS Docket No. 02-52 (FCC 02-77), adopted: 14 March, released: 15 March, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  289. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2004). Availability of Advanced Telecommunications Capability in the United States, Fourth Report to Congress, GN Docket No. 04-54 (FCC 04-208), 9 September, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  290. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2005a). In the Matter of Madison River Communications, LLC and Affiliated Companies, Order, File No. EB-05-IH-0110 (DA 05-543), adopted: 3 March, released: 3 March, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  291. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2005b). In the Matter of Madison River Communications, LLC and Affiliated Companies, Consent Decree, File No. EB-05-IH-0110 (DA 05-543), Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  292. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2005c). In the Matters of Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities et al., Policy Statement, CC Docket No. 02-33 et al. (FCC 05-151), adopted: 5 August, released: 23 September, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  293. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2007). In the Matter of Appropriate Regulatory Treatment for Broadband Access to the Internet Over Wireless Networks, Declaratory Ruling, WT Docket No. 07-53 (FCC 07-30), adopted: 22 March, released: 23 March, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  294. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2008). In the Matters of Formal Complaint of Free Press and Public Knowledge against Comcast Corporation for Secretly Degrading Peer-to-Peer Applications; Broadband Industry Practices Petition of Free Press et al. for Declaratory Ruling that Degrading an Internet Application Violates the FCC’s Internet Policy Statement and Does Not Meet an Exception for “Reasonable Network Management”, Memorandum Opinion and Order, File No. EB-08-IH-1518, WC Docket No. 07-52 (FCC 08-183), adopted: August 1, released: August 20, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  295. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2009). In the Matter of Preserving the Open Internet; Broadband Industry Practices, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, GN Docket No. 09-191, WC Docket No.07-52 (FCC 09-93), adopted: 22 October, released: 22 October, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  296. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2010). In the Matter of Preserving the Open Internet; Broadband Industry Practices, Report and Order, GN Docket No. 09-191, WC Docket No. 07-52 (FCC 10-201), adopted: 21 December, released: 23 December, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  297. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2014a). In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, GN Docket No. 14-28 (FCC 14-61), adopted: 15 May, released: 15 May, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  298. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2014b). ‘FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler’s Statement on President Barack Obama’s Statement Regarding Open Internet’, 10 November, available: https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-330414A1.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  299. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2015a). ‘Fact Sheet: Chairman Wheeler Proposes New Rules for Protecting the Open Internet’, 4 February, available: https://www.fcc.gov/document/chairman-wheeler-proposes-new-rules-protecting-open-internet [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  300. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2015b). In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet, Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order, GN Docket No. 14-28 (FCC 15-24), adopted: 26 February, released: 12 March, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  301. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2016). Measuring Broadband America Fixed Broadband Report – A Report on Consumer Fixed Broadband Performance in the United States, Office of Engineering and Technology and Office of Strategic Planning & Policy Analysis, 1 December, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission, available: https://data.fcc.gov/download/measuring-broadband-america/2016/2016-Fixed-Measuring-Broadband-America-Report.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  302. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2017). In the Matter of Restoring Internet Freedom, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, WC Docket No. 17-108 (FCC 17-60), adopted: 18 May, released: 23 May, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  303. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2018a). In the Matter of Restoring Internet Freedom, Declaratory Ruling, Report and Order, and Order, WC Docket No. 17-108 (FCC 17-166), adopted: 14 December, released: 4 January, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  304. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2018b). ‘Fact Sheet on Draft 2018 Broadband Deployment Report’, available: https://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2018/db0118/DOC-348770A2.pdf [accessed: 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  305. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2018c). In the Matter of Inquiry Concerning Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, 2018 Broadband Deployment Report, GN Docket No. 17-199 (FCC 18-10), adopted: 2 February, released: 2 February, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission. Open Google Scholar
  306. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) (2018d). Universal Service, available: https://www.fcc.gov/general/universal-service [accessed 25 June 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  307. Feamster, N., Rexford, J. and Zegura, E. (2014). ‘The Road to SDN: An Intellectual History of Programmable Networks’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 44(2), 87-98. Open Google Scholar
  308. Festraets, E. and Zhao, R. (2014). G.Fast, Paper by the D&O Committee, available: https://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/DandO_Gfast_Paper_2014_Final.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  309. Fettweis, G.P. (2014). ‘The Tactile Internet: Application and Challenges’, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 9(1), 64-70. Open Google Scholar
  310. Finger, M. and Künneke, R.W. (eds.) (2011). International Handbook of Network Industries: The Liberalization of Infrastructure, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Open Google Scholar
  311. Florence School of Regulation, Communications & Media Area (2017). The Future of Broadband Policy, Part 2: Technological Neutrality, Path Dependency and Public Financing, Florence: European University Institute, available: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/46724/FSR_RR_2017_01.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  312. Floyd, S. (1994). ‘TCP and Explicit Congestion Notification’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 24(5), 8-23. Open Google Scholar
  313. Floyd, S. and Fall, K. (1999). ‘Promoting the Use of End-to-End Congestion Control in the Internet’, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 7(4), 458-472. Open Google Scholar
  314. Frank, B., Poese, I., Lin, Y., Smaragdakis, G., Feldmann, A., Maggs, B.M., Rake, J., Uhlig, S. and Weber, R. (2013). ‘Pushing CDN-ISP Collaboration to the Limit’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 43(3), 35-44. Open Google Scholar
  315. Freedman, M.J., Vutukuru, M., Feamster, N. and Balakrishnan, H. (2005). ‘Geographic Locality of IP Prefixes’, Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement (IMC ’05), 19-21 October, Berkeley, CA, 153-158. Open Google Scholar
  316. Frieden, R. (2015). ‘Ex Ante versus Ex Post Approaches to Network Neutrality: A Comparative Assessment’, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 30(2), 1561-1612. Open Google Scholar
  317. Frischmann, B.M. and van Schewick, B. (2007). ‘Network Neutrality and the Economics of an Information Superhighway: A Reply to Professor Yoo’, Jurimetrics, 47(4), 383-428. Open Google Scholar
  318. FTTH Council Europe (2018). FTTH Handbook, Edition 8, D&O Committee, revision date: 13 February 2018, available: https://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/FTTH%20Handbook_2017_V8_FINAL.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  319. Fuller, V. and Li, T. (2006). ‘Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation Plan’, RFC 4632, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4632 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  320. Gans, J.S. (2015). ‘Weak versus Strong Net Neutrality’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 47(2), 183-200. Open Google Scholar
  321. Gartner (2017). Leading the IoT: Gartner Insights on How to Lead in a Connected World, available: https://www.gartner.com/imagesrv/books/iot/iotEbook_digital.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  322. Geib, R. (ed.) and Black, D. (2017). ‘Diffserv-Interconnection Classes and Practice’, RFC 8100, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8100 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  323. Genakos, C. and Valletti, T. (2011). ‘Testing the “Waterbed” Effect in Mobile Telephony’, Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(6), 1114-1142. Open Google Scholar
  324. Genakos, C. and Valletti, T. (2012). ‘Regulating Prices in Two-Sided Markets: The Waterbed Experience in Mobile Telephony’, Telecommunications Policy, 36(5), 360-368. Open Google Scholar
  325. Gibbens, R.J., Mason, R. and Steinberg, R. (2000a). ‘Internet Service Classes Under Competition’, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 18(12), 2490-2498. Open Google Scholar
  326. Gibbens, R.J., Sargood, S.K., Kelly, F.P., Azmoodeh, H., MacFadyen, R. and MacFadyen, N. (2000b). ‘An Approach to Service Level Agreements for IP Networks with Differentiated Services’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 358(1773), 2165-2182. Open Google Scholar
  327. Gilroy, A.A. (2006). Net Neutrality: Background and Issues, Congressional Research Service Report, 22 December. Open Google Scholar
  328. Gilroy, A.A. (2015). Access to Broadband Networks: The Net Neutrality Debate, Congressional Research Service Report, 1 July, available: http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R40616.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  329. Gilroy, A.A. (2018). The Net Neutrality Debate: Access to Broadband Networks, Congressional Research Service Report, 22 June, available: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40616.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  330. Giotsas, V., Smaragdakis, G., Huffaker, B., Luckie, M. and Claffy, kc (2015). ‘Mapping Peering Interconnections to a Facility’, Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (CoNEXT ’15), 1-4 December, Heidelberg, Germany, Article No. 37, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/2716281.2836122 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  331. Godlovitch, I., Plueckebaum, T., Strube Martins, S., Gantumur, T., Elixmann, D., Tas, S., Arnold, R. and Wernick, C. (2018). The Benefits of Ultrafast Broadband Deployment, Final Report by WIK-Consult for Ofcom, 20 February, Bad Honnef: WIK-Consult. Open Google Scholar
  332. Google (2018a). Autoplay Videos, available: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6327615?co=GENIE.Platform%3DDesktop&hl=en&oco=0 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  333. Google (2018b). Our Infrastructure, available: https://peering.google.com/#/infrastructure [accessed 29 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  334. Graber, A. (2005). Internet Pricing – Economic Approaches to Transport Services and Infrastructure, European University Studies, Series V Economics and Management, Volume 3137, Bern et al.: Peter Lang. Open Google Scholar
  335. Greenstein, S.M. (2015). How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar
  336. Greenstein, S.M., Peitz, M. and Valletti, T.M. (2016). ‘Net Neutrality: A Fast Lane to Understanding the Trade-Offs’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 127-150. Open Google Scholar
  337. Grossman, D. (2002). ‘New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv’, RFC 3260, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3260 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  338. Guo, H. and Easley, R.F. (2016). ‘Network Neutrality Versus Paid Prioritization: Analyzing the Impact on Content Innovation’, Production and Operations Management, 25(7), 1261-1273. Open Google Scholar
  339. Guo, H., Cheng, H.K. and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2012). ‘Net Neutrality, Broadband Market Coverage and Innovation at the Edge’, Decision Sciences, 43(1), 141-172. Open Google Scholar
  340. Guo, H., Cheng, H.K. and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2013). ‘Broadband Network Management and the Net Neutrality Debate’, Production and Operations Management, 22(5), 1287-1298. Open Google Scholar
  341. Guo, H., Bandyopadhyay, S., Lim, A., Yang, Y. and Cheng, H.K. (2017). ‘Effects of Competition among Internet Service Providers and Content Providers on the Net Neutrality Debate’, MIS Quarterly, 41(2), 353-370. Open Google Scholar
  342. Gupta, A., Stahl, D.O. and Whinston, A.B. (1996). ‘An Economic Approach to Networked Computing with Priority Classes’, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 71-95. Open Google Scholar
  343. Gupta, A., Stahl, D.O. and Whinston, A.B. (1997). ‘A Stochastic Equilibrium Model of Internet Pricing’, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 21(4-5), 697-722. Open Google Scholar
  344. Gupta, A., Stahl, D.O. and Whinston A.B. (1998). ‘Priority Pricing for Integrated Services Networks’, in: McKnight, L.W. and Bailey, J.P. (eds.), Internet Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 323-352. Open Google Scholar
  345. Gupta, A., Calder, M., Feamster, N., Chetty, M., Calandro, E. and Katz-Bassett, E. (2014). ‘Peering at the Internet’s Frontier: A First Look at ISP Interconnectivity in Africa’, in: Faloutsos, M. and Kuzmanovic, A. (eds.), Passive and Active Measurement: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference (PAM 2014), Cham et al.: Springer, 204-213. Open Google Scholar
  346. Hagiu, A. and Wright, J. (2015). ‘Multi-Sided Platforms’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 43, 162-174. Open Google Scholar
  347. Hahn, R.W. and Litan, R.E. (2007). ‘The Myth of Network Neutrality and What We Should Do About It’, International Journal of Communication, 1, 595-606. Open Google Scholar
  348. Hall, B.H. and Rosenberg, N. (eds.) (2010a). Handbook of the Economics of Innovation: Volume 1, Amsterdam et al.: North-Holland. Open Google Scholar
  349. Hall, B.H. and Rosenberg, N. (eds.) (2010b). Handbook of the Economics of Innovation: Volume 2, Amsterdam et al.: North-Holland. Open Google Scholar
  350. Hamzeh, B. (2015). ‘DOCSIS 3.1® Update: Get Your Engines Running….The Engines ARE Running!’, CableLabs, 24 August, available: http://www.cablelabs.com/docsis-3-1-update-get-your-engines-running-the-engines-are-running/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  351. Hamzeh, B. (2016). ‘Full Duplex DOCSIS® 3.1 Technology: Raising the Ante with Symmetric Gigabit Service’, CableLabs, 16 February, available: https://www.cablelabs.com/full-duplex-docsis-3-1-technology-raising-the-ante-with-symmetric-gigabit-service/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  352. Hardin, G. (1968). ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’, Science, 162(3859), 1243-1247.
 Open Google Scholar
  353. Hashem, I.A.T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N.B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A. and Khan, S.U. (2015). ‘The Rise of “Big Data” on Cloud Computing: Review and Open Research Issues’, Information Systems, 47, 98-115. Open Google Scholar
  354. Haucap, J. and Kruse, J. (2004). ‘Ex-Ante-Regulierung oder Ex-Post-Aufsicht für Netzgebundene Industrien?’, Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb (WuW) – Zeitschrift für Deutsches und Europäisches Wirtschaftsrecht, 54(3), 266-275. Open Google Scholar
  355. Haucap, J. and Stühmeier, T. (2016). ‘Competition and Antitrust in Internet Markets’, in: Bauer, J.M. and Latzer, M. (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 183-210. Open Google Scholar
  356. Hausman, J.A. and Taylor, W.E. (2013). ‘Telecommunication in the US: From Regulation to Competition (Almost)’, Review of Industrial Organization, 42(2), 203-230. Open Google Scholar
  357. Hayek, F.A. von (1948). ‘The Meaning of Competition’, in: Hayek, F.A. von (ed.) Individualism and Economic Order, London, UK: George Routledge & Sons, 92-106. Open Google Scholar
  358. Hayek, F.A. von (1978). ‘Competition as a Discovery Procedure’, in: Hayek, F.A. von (ed.) New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas, London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 171-190. Open Google Scholar
  359. Hayel, Y. and Tuffin, B. (2005). ‘A Mathematical Analysis of the Cumulus Pricing Scheme’, Computer Networks, 47(6), 907-921. Open Google Scholar
  360. Hazlett, T.W. and Caliskan, A. (2008). ‘Natural Experiments in U.S. Broadband Regulation’, Review of Network Economics, 7(4), 460-480. Open Google Scholar
  361. Hazlett, T.W. and Wright, J.D. (2012). ‘The Law and Economics of Network Neutrality’, Indiana Law Review, 45(3), 767-840. Open Google Scholar
  362. Hazlett, T.W. and Wright, J.D. (2017). ‘The Effect of Regulation on Broadband Markets: Evaluating the Empirical Evidence in the FCC’s 2015 “Open Internet” Order’, Review of Industrial Organization, 50(4), 487-507. Open Google Scholar
  363. Hedrick, C. (1988). ‘Routing Information Protocol’, RFC 1058, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1058 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  364. Heinanen, J., Baker, F., Weiss, W. and Wroclawski, J. (1999). ‘Assured Forwarding PHB Group’, RFC 2597, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2597 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  365. Henderson, T., Crowcroft, J. and Bhatti, S. (2001). ‘Congestion Pricing: Paying Your Way in Communication Networks’, IEEE Internet Computing, 5(5), 85-89. Open Google Scholar
  366. Hermalin, B.E. and Katz, M.L. (2007). ‘The Economics of Product-Line Restrictions with an Application to the Network Neutrality Debate’, Information Economics and Policy, 19(2), 215-248. Open Google Scholar
  367. Hogendorn, C. (2007). ‘Broadband Internet: Net Neutrality versus Open Access’, International Economics and Economic Policy, 4(2), 185-208. Open Google Scholar
  368. Hotelling, H. (1929). ‘Stability in Competition’, Economic Journal, 39(153), 41-57. Open Google Scholar
  369. Hurwicz, L. (1960). ‘Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes’, in: Arrow, K.J., Karlin, S. and Suppes, P. (eds.), Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 27-46. Open Google Scholar
  370. Hurwicz, L. (1972). ‘On Informationally Decentralized Systems’, in: Radner, R. and McGuire, B. (eds.), Decision and Organization: A Volume in Honor of Jacob Marschak, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 297-336. Open Google Scholar
  371. Hussain, F. (2017). Internet of Things: Building Blocks and Business Models, Cham et al.: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  372. Huston, G. (2007). ‘Inter-Domain Routing’, Presentation at the 70th Internet Engineering Task Force Meeting (IETF 70), 2-7 December, Vancouver, BC, available: http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/70/slides/IDRTut-0.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  373. Huston, G. (2017). ‘The Rise and Rise of Content Distribution Networks’, Presentation at the 8th Workshop on Internet Economics (WIE 2017), 13-14 December, La Jolla, CA, available: http://www.caida.org/workshops/wie/1712/slides/wie1712_ghuston.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  374. Hwang, J. and Weiss, M.B.H. (2000). ‘Market-Based QoS Interconnection Economy in the Next-Generation Internet’, iSchool Faculty Scholarship, Paper 111, available: https://surface.syr.edu/istpub/111/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  375. IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) (2018a). Number Resources, available: http://www.iana.org/numbers [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  376. IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) (2018b). Autonomous System (AS) Numbers, available: http://www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers/as-numbers.xhtml [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  377. IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) (2018c). Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry, available: https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml?&page=2 [accessed 7 October 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  378. IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) (2018d). Differentiated Services Field Codepoints (DSCP), available: https://www.iana.org/assignments/dscp-registry/dscp-registry.xhtml [accessed 20 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  379. IHS Markit and Point Topic (2018). Broadband Coverage in Europe 2017, Final Report, Study Prepared for the European Commission DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Open Google Scholar
  380. Intel (2018). Support: Different Wi-Fi Protocols and Data Rates, 13 September, available: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000005725/network-and-i-o/wireless-networking.html [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  381. Isenberg, D.S. (1997). ‘Rise of the Stupid Network’, Computer Telephony, August, 16-26. Open Google Scholar
  382. ITU (2017). Quality of Service: Regulation Manual, Manual, Geneva: ITU. Open Google Scholar
  383. ITU-R (2015). ‘IMT Vision – Framework and Overall Objectives of the Future Development of IMT for 2020 and Beyond’, ITU-R Recommendation M.2083-0, 09/2015. Open Google Scholar
  384. ITU-T (2003). ‘One-Way Transmission Time’, ITU-T Recommendation G.114, 05/2003. Open Google Scholar
  385. ITU-T (2004a). ‘General Principles and General Reference Model for Next Generation Networks’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.2011, 10/2004. Open Google Scholar
  386. ITU-T (2004b). ‘Next Generation Networks – Frameworks and Functional Architecture Models: General Overview of NGN’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.2001, 12/2004. Open Google Scholar
  387. ITU-T (2005). ‘Multi-Pair Bonding Using Time-Division Inverse Multiplexing’, ITU-T Recommendation G.998.3, 01/2005. Open Google Scholar
  388. ITU-T (2006). ‘Functional Requirements of the NGN’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.2012, 09/2006. Open Google Scholar
  389. ITU-T (2008a). ‘Requirements for the Support of Flow-State-Aware Transport Technology in an NGN’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.2121, 01/2008. Open Google Scholar
  390. ITU-T (2008b). ‘Definitions of Terms Related to Quality of Service’, ITU-T Recommendation E.800, 09/2008. Open Google Scholar
  391. ITU-T (2010a). ‘Traffic Control and Congestion Control in IP-based Networks’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.1221, 06/2010. Open Google Scholar
  392. ITU-T (2010b). ‘Framework for Achieving End-to-End IP Performance Objectives’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.1542, 06/2010. Open Google Scholar
  393. ITU-T (2011a). ‘Future Networks: Objectives and Design Goals’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.3001, 05/2011. Open Google Scholar
  394. ITU-T (2011b). ‘Network Performance Objectives for IP-Based Services’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.1541, 12/2011. Open Google Scholar
  395. ITU-T (2014a). ‘Fast Access to Subscriber Terminals (G.fast) – Power Spectral Density Specification’, ITU-T Recommendation G.9700, 04/2014. Open Google Scholar
  396. ITU-T (2014b). ‘Information Technology – Cloud Computing – Overview and Vocabulary’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.3500, 08/2014. Open Google Scholar
  397. ITU-T (2014c). The Tactile Internet, ITU-T Technology Watch Report, August. Open Google Scholar
  398. ITU-T (2014d). ‘Fast Access to Subscriber Terminals (G.fast) – Physical Layer Specification’, ITU-T Recommendation G.9701, 12/2014. Open Google Scholar
  399. ITU-T (2015). ‘Self-FEXT Cancellation (Vectoring) for Use with VDSL2 Transceivers’, ITU-T Recommendation G.993.5, 01/2015. Open Google Scholar
  400. ITU-T (2016a). ‘Internet Protocol Data Communication Service – IP Packet Transfer and Availability Performance Parameters’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.1540, 07/2016. Open Google Scholar
  401. ITU-T (2016b). ‘Next Generation Network Evolution Phase 1 – Overview’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.2340, 09/2016. Open Google Scholar
  402. ITU-T (2017). ‘Vocabulary for Performance, Quality of Service and Quality of Experience’, ITU-T Recommendation P.10/G.100, 11/2017. Open Google Scholar
  403. ITU-T (2018). ‘High-level Technical Characteristics of Network Softwarization for IMT-2020’, ITU-T Recommendation Y.3150, 01/2018. Open Google Scholar
  404. Iyengar, J. (ed.) and Thomson, M. (ed.) (2018). ‘QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport’, Internet-Draft, available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/draft-ietf-quic-transport-16.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  405. Jacobson, V. (1988). ‘Congestion Avoidance and Control’, ACM Computer Communication Review, 18(4), 314-329. Open Google Scholar
  406. Jacobson, V., Nichols, K. and Poduri, K. (1999). ‘An Expedited Forwarding PHB’, RFC 2598, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2598 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  407. Jain, R., Mullen, T. and Hausman, R. (2001). ‘Analysis of Paris Metro Pricing Strategy for QoS with a Single Service Provider’, in: Wolf, L., Hutchison, D. and Steinmetz, R. (eds.) Quality of Service – IWQoS 2001, Berlin et al.: Springer, 44-58. Open Google Scholar
  408. Jamison, M.A., Connolly, M.P., Faulhaber, G.R., Hauge, J. and Prieger, J. (2017). ‘Economic Scholars’ Summary of Economic Literature Regarding Title II Regulation of the Internet’, Comments filed Before the Federal Communications Commission in the Matter of Restoring Internet Freedom (WC Docket No. 17-108), available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3008900 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  409. Jayakar, K.P. and Sawhney, H. (2004). ‘Universal Service: Beyond Established Practice to Possibility Space’, Telecommunications Policy, 28(3-4), 339-357. Open Google Scholar
  410. Jensen, M. and Meckling, W. (1976). ‘Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure’, Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. Open Google Scholar
  411. Jordan, S. (2007). ‘A Layered Network Approach to Net Neutrality’, International Journal of Communication, 1, 427-460. Open Google Scholar
  412. Jordan, S. (2009). ‘Implications of Internet Architecture on Net Neutrality’, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 9(2), Article 5. Open Google Scholar
  413. Jordan, S. and Jiang, H. (1995). ‘Connection Establishment in High-Speed Networks’, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 13(7), 1150-1161. Open Google Scholar
  414. Joskow, P.L. and Klevorick, A.K. (1979). ‘A Framework for Analyzing Predatory Pricing Policy’, Yale Law Journal, 89(2), 213-270. Open Google Scholar
  415. Kahn, A.E. (1988). The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions, Cambridge, MA and London, UK: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  416. Kahn, A.E. (2007). Network Neutrality, AEI-Brookings Joint Center Working Paper, No. RP07-05, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.973513 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  417. Kamecke, U. and Körber, T. (2008). ‘Technological Neutrality in the EC Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications: A Good Principle Widely Misunderstood’, European Competition Law Review, 29(5), 330-337. Open Google Scholar
  418. Kang, C. (2017). ‘F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules’, New York Times, 14 December, available: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/14/technology/net-neutrality-repeal-vote.html [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  419. Kaserman, D.L., Mayo, J.W. and Flynn, J.E. (1990). ‘Cross-Subsidization in Telecommunications: Beyond the Universal Service Fairy Tale’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 2(3), 231-249. Open Google Scholar
  420. Katz, M.L. (2017). ‘Wither U.S. Net Neutrality Regulation?’, Review of Industrial Organization, 50(4), 441-468. Open Google Scholar
  421. Katz, M.L. and Shapiro, C. (1985). ‘Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility’, American Economic Review, 75(3), 424-440. Open Google Scholar
  422. Katz, M.L. and Shapiro, C. (1986). ‘Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities’, Journal of Political Economy, 94(4), 822-841. Open Google Scholar
  423. Katz, M.L. and Shapiro, C. (1999). ‘Antitrust in Software Markets’, in: Eisenach, J.A. and Lenard, T.M. (eds.) Competition, Innovation and the Microsoft Monopoly: Antitrust in the Digital Marketplace, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishing, 29-81. Open Google Scholar
  424. Kaufmann, C. (2018). ‘ICN – Akamai’s Backbone’, Presentation at LINX Meeting 101, 22 May, London, UK, available: https://www.linx.net/wp-content/uploads/LINX101-Akamai-ICN-ChristianKaufmann.pdf [accessed 30 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  425. Keeler, T.E. and Small, K.A. (1977). ‘Optimal Peak-Load Pricing, Investment, and Service Levels on Urban Expressways’, Journal of Political Economy, 85(1), 1-25. Open Google Scholar
  426. Kelly, F.P. (1994). ‘On Tariffs, Policing and Admission Control for Multiservice Networks’, Operations Research Letters, 15(1), 1-9. Open Google Scholar
  427. Kelly, F.P. (1996). ‘Notes on Effective Bandwidths’, in: Kelly, F.P., Zachary, S. and Ziedins, I.B. (eds.), Stochastic Networks: Theory and Applications, Royal Statistical Society Lecture Note Series 4, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 141-168. Open Google Scholar
  428. Kelly, F.P. (1998). ‘Charging and Accounting for Bursty Connections’, in: McKnight, L.W. and Bailey, J.P. (eds.), Internet Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 253-278. Open Google Scholar
  429. Kende, M. (2000). ‘The Digital Handshake: Connecting Internet Backbones’, OPP Working Paper Series, No. 32, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission, available: https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp32.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  430. Kirzner, I.M. (1997). ‘Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach’, Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85. Open Google Scholar
  431. Kleinrock, L. (1975). Queueing Systems – Volume I: Theory, New York et al.: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  432. Kleinrock, L. (1976). Queueing Systems – Volume II: Computer Applications, New York et al.: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  433. Kleinrock, L. (2008). ‘History of the Internet and its Flexible Future’, IEEE Wireless Communications, 15(1), 8-18. Open Google Scholar
  434. Kleinrock, L. (2010). ‘An Early History of the Internet’, IEEE Communications Magazine, 48(8), 26-36. Open Google Scholar
  435. Knieps, G. (1997). ‘Phasing out Sector-Specific Regulation in Competitive Telecommunications’, Kyklos, 50(3), 325-339. Open Google Scholar
  436. Knieps, G. (2003). ‘Competition in Telecommunications and Internet Services: A Dynamic Perspective’, in: Barfield, C.E., Heiduk, G. and Welfens, P.J.J. (eds.), Internet, Economic Growth and Globalization: Perspectives on the New Economy in Europe, Japan and the US, Berlin et al.: Springer, 217-227. Open Google Scholar
  437. Knieps, G. (2006a). ‘Sector-Specific Market Power Regulation versus General Competition Law: Criteria for Judging Competitive versus Regulated Markets’, in: Sioshansi, F.P. and Pfaffenberger, W. (eds.), Electricity Market Reform: An International Perspective, Amsterdam et al.: Elsevier, 49-74. Open Google Scholar
  438. Knieps, G. (2006b). ‘Competition in the Post-Trade Markets: A Network Economic Analysis of the Securities Business’, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 6(1), 45-60. Open Google Scholar
  439. Knieps, G. (2007). ‘Information and Communication Technologies in Germany: Is there a Remaining Role for Sector-Specific Regulations?’ in: Moerke, A. and Storz, C. (eds.) Competitiveness of New Industries. Institutional Framework and Learning in Information Technology in Japan, the US and Germany, London, UK and New York, NY: Routledge, 57-73. Open Google Scholar
  440. Knieps, G. (2008). Wettbewerbsökonomie – Regulierungstheorie, Industrieökonomie, Wettbewerbspolitik, 3rd ed., Berlin et al.: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  441. Knieps, G. (2009). ‘Wettbewerb und Netzevolutorik’, in: Vanberg, V.J. (ed.), Evolution und Freiheitlicher Wettbewerb, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 193-210. Open Google Scholar
  442. Knieps, G. (2011a). ‘Network Neutrality and the Evolution of the Internet’, International Journal of Management and Network Economics, 2(1), 24-38. Open Google Scholar
  443. Knieps, G. (2011b). ‘Market Driven Network Neutrality and the Fallacies of Internet Traffic Regulation’, International Telecommunications Policy Review, 18(3), 1-22. Open Google Scholar
  444. Knieps, G. (2011c). ‘The Three Criteria Test, the Essential Facilities Doctrine and the Theory of Monopolistic Bottlenecks’, Intereconomics, 46(1), 17-21. Open Google Scholar
  445. Knieps, G. (2013). ‘Regulierungsfehler in Netzindustrien’, Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter, 60(4), 717-729. Open Google Scholar
  446. Knieps, G. (2015a). ‘Entrepreneurial Traffic Management and the Internet Engineering Task Force’, Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 11(3), 727-745. Open Google Scholar
  447. Knieps, G. (2015b). Network Economics – Principles, Strategies, Competition Policy, Berlin et al.: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  448. Knieps, G. (2017). ‘Internet of Things, Future Networks, and the Economics of Virtual Networks’, Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 18(3-4), 240-255. Open Google Scholar
  449. Knieps, G. (2018). ‘Internet of Things, Big Data and the Economics of Networked Vehicles’, Telecommunications Policy, First Published Online September 27, available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.09.002 [accessed 19 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  450. Knieps, G. and Bauer, J.M. (2016). ‘The Industrial Organization of the Internet’, in: Bauer, J.M. and Latzer, M. (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 23-54. Open Google Scholar
  451. Knieps, G. and Stocker, V. (2014). Market Driven Network Neutrality and the Fallacy of a Two-Tiered Internet Traffic Regulation, Discussion Paper No. 149, Institut für Verkehrswissenschaft und Regionalpolitik, University of Freiburg, Germany, available: http://portal.uni-freiburg.de/vw/files/files-publikationen/disk/disk149 [accessed 19 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  452. Knieps, G. and Stocker, V. (2015). ‘Network Neutrality Regulation: The Fallacies of Regulatory Market Splits’, Intereconomics, 50(1), 46-51. Open Google Scholar
  453. Knieps, G. and Stocker, V. (2016). ‘Price and QoS Differentiations in All-IP Networks’, International Journal of Management and Network Economics, 3(4), 317-335. Open Google Scholar
  454. Knieps, G. and Vogelsang, I. (1982). ‘The Sustainability Concept under Alternative Behavioral Assumptions’, Bell Journal of Economics, 13(1), 234-241. Open Google Scholar
  455. Knieps, G. and Zenhäusern, P. (2008). ‘The Fallacies of Network Neutrality Regulation’, Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 9(2), 119-134. Open Google Scholar
  456. Knieps, G. and Zenhäusern, P. (2010). ‘Phasing Out Sector-Specific Regulation in European Telecommunications’, Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 6(4), 995-1006. Open Google Scholar
  457. Knieps, G. and Zenhäusern, P. (2014). ‘Regulatory Fallacies in Global Telecommunications: The Case of International Mobile Roaming’, International Economics and Economic Policy, 11(1-2), 63-79. Open Google Scholar
  458. Knieps, G. and Zenhäusern, P. (2015). ‘Broadband Network Evolution and Path Dependency’, Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 16(4), 335-353. Open Google Scholar
  459. Knight, F.H. (1924). ‘Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 38(4), 582–606. Open Google Scholar
  460. Kompella, K. and Lang, J. (2004). ‘Procedures for Modifying the Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)’, RFC 3936, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3936 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  461. Kompella, K., Andersson, L. and Farrell, A. (2014). ‘Allocating and Retiring Special-Purpose MPLS Labels’, RFC 7274, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7274 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  462. Kourandi, F., Krämer, J. and Valletti, T. (2015). ‘Net Neutrality, Exclusivity Contracts and Internet Fragmentation’, Information Systems Research, 26(2), 320-338. Open Google Scholar
  463. Krämer, J. and Peitz, M. (2018). ‘A Fresh Look at Zero-Rating’, Telecommunications Policy, 42(7), 501-513. Open Google Scholar
  464. Krämer, J. and Wiewiorra, L. (2012). ‘Network Neutrality and Congestion Sensitive Content Providers: Implications for Content Variety, Broadband Investment, and Regulation’, Information Systems Research, 23(4), 1303-1321. Open Google Scholar
  465. Krämer, J., Wiewiorra, L. and Weinhardt, C. (2013). ‘Net Neutrality: A Progress Report’, Telecommunications Policy, 37(9), 794-813. Open Google Scholar
  466. Kranz, J.J. and Picot, A. (2016). ‘Internet Business Strategies’, in: Bauer, J.M. and Latzer, M. (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 365-384. Open Google Scholar
  467. Kreutz, D., Ramos, F.M.V., Verissimo, P.E., Rothenberg, C.E., Azodolmolky, S. and Uhlig, S. (2015). ‘Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey’, Proceedings of the IEEE, 103(1), 14-76. Open Google Scholar
  468. Kroes, N. (2010). Net Neutrality – The Way Forward, SPEECH/10/643, European Commission and European Parliament Summit on ‘The Open Internet and Net Neutrality in Europe’, 11 November, Brussels, Belgium, available: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-10-643_en.htm [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  469. Kroes, N. (2012). ‘Next Steps on Net Neutrality – Making Sure You Get Champagne Service if That’s What You’re Paying For’, 29 May, available: http://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_2010-2014/kroes/en/blog/netneutrality.html [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  470. Kruse, J. (2008). ‘Network Neutrality and Quality of Service’, Intereconomics, 43(1), 25-30. Open Google Scholar
  471. Kua, J., Armitage, G. and Branch, P. (2017). ‘A Survey of Rate Adaptation Techniques for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming Over HTTP’, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(3), 1842-1866. Open Google Scholar
  472. Kurose, J.F. and Ross, K.W. (2013). Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 6th ed., Boston et al.: Pearson. Open Google Scholar
  473. Laffont, J.-J. (2008). ‘Externalities’, in: Durlauf, S.N. and Blume, L.E. (eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed., London: Palgrave Macmillan, available: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_126-2 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  474. Laffont, J.-J. and Tirole, J. (2000). Competition in Telecommunications, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  475. Laffont, J.-J., Rey, P. and Tirole, J. (1998a). ‘Network Competition I: Overview and Nondiscriminatory Pricing’, RAND Journal of Economics, 29(1), 1-37. Open Google Scholar
  476. Laffont, J.-J., Rey, P. and Tirole, J. (1998b). ‘Network Competition II: Price Discrimination’, RAND Journal of Economics, 29(1), 38-56. Open Google Scholar
  477. Laffont, J.-J., Marcus, S., Rey, P. and Tirole, J. (2001). ‘Internet Peering’, American Economic Review, 91(2), 287-291. Open Google Scholar
  478. Laffont, J.-J., Marcus, S., Rey, P. and Tirole, J. (2003). ‘Internet Interconnection and the Off-Net-Cost Pricing Principle’, RAND Journal of Economics, 34(2), 370-390. Open Google Scholar
  479. Lai, W. (2005). ‘Bandwidth Constraints Models for Differentiated Services (Diffserv)-Aware MPLS Traffic Engineering: Performance Evaluation’, RFC 4128, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4128 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  480. Lancaster, L. (1990). ‘The Economics of Product Variety: A Survey’, Marketing Science, 9(3), 189-206. Open Google Scholar
  481. Landes, W.M. and Posner, R.A. (1981). ‘Market Power in Antitrust Cases’, Harvard Law Review, 94(5), 937-997.
 Open Google Scholar
  482. Langley, A., Riddoch, A., Wilk, A., Vicente, A., Krasic, C., Zhang, D., Yang, F., Kouranov, F., Swett, I., Iyengar, J., Bailey, J., Dorfman, J., Roskind, J., Kulik, J., Westin, P., Tenneti, R., Shade, R., Hamilton, R., Vasiliev, V., Chang, W.-T. and Shi, Z. (2017). ‘The QUIC Transport Protocol: Design and Internet-Scale Deployment’, Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM ’17), 21-25 August, Los Angeles, CA, 183-196, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3098822.3098842 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  483. Layton, R. (2017). Which Open Internet Framework is Best for Mobile App Innovation? An Empirical Inquiry of Net Neutrality Rules Around the World, PhD Thesis, Aalborg University Copenhagen, available: https://doi.org/10.5278/vbn.phd.engsci.00181 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  484. Le Callet, P., Möller, S. and Perkis, A. (eds.) (2013). Qualinet White Paper on Definitions of Quality of Experience, Output From the Fifth Qualinet Meeting, European Network on Quality of Experience in Multimedia Systems and Services (COST Action IC 1003), Version 1.2, 12 March, Novi Sad, Serbia, available: http://www.qualinet.eu/images/stories/QoE_whitepaper_v1.2.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  485. Le Faucheur, F. (ed.) (2005a). ‘Protocol Extensions for Support of Diffserv-Aware MPLS Traffic Engineering’, RFC 4124, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4124 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  486. Le Faucheur, F. (ed.) (2005b). ‘Russian Dolls Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diffserv-Aware MPLS Traffic Engineering’, RFC 4127, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4127 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  487. Le Faucheur, F. and Lai, W. (2003). ‘Requirements for Support of Differentiated Services-Aware MPLS Traffic Engineering’, RFC 3564, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3564 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  488. Le Faucheur, F. and Lai, W. (2005). ‘Maximum Allocation Bandwidth Constraints Model for Diffserv-Aware MPLS Traffic Engineering’, RFC 4125, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4125 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  489. Le Faucheur, F. (ed.), Wu, L., Davie, B., Davari, S., Vaananen, P., Krishnan, R., Cheval, P. and Heinanen, J. (2002). ‘Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Support of Differentiated Services’, RFC 3270, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3270 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  490. Lee, T.B. (2014). ‘Comcast’s Deal with Netflix Makes Network Neutrality Obsolete’, Washington Post, 23 February, available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/02/23/comcasts-deal-with-netflix-makes-network-neutrality-obsolete/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.6f3abed5499f [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  491. Lee, R.S. and Wu, T. (2009). ‘Subsidizing Creativity through Network Design: Zero-Pricing and Net Neutrality’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(3), 61–76. Open Google Scholar
  492. Lehr, W.H. and McKnight, L.W. (2002). ‘Show Me the Money: Contracts and Agents in Service Level Agreement Markets’, info, 4(1), 24-36. Open Google Scholar
  493. Lehr, W.H. and Sicker, D. (2017). ‘Would You Like Your Internet With or Without Video?’, Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 2017(1), 73-140. Open Google Scholar
  494. Lehr, W.H. and Sicker, D. (2018). ‘Communications Act 2021’, Journal of High Technology Law, 18(2), 270-330. Open Google Scholar
  495. Lehr, W.H., Bauer, S. and Clark, D.D. (2013). ‘Measuring Performance when Broadband is the New PSTN’, Journal of Information Policy, 3, 411-441. Open Google Scholar
  496. Lehr, W.H., Clark, D.D., Bauer, S., Berger, A. and Richter, P. (2018). ‘Whither the Public Internet?’, Paper presented at the 46th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 21-22 September, Washington, D.C., available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3141969 [accessed 29 August 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  497. Leighton, T. (2009). ‘Improving Performance on the Internet’, Communications of the ACM, 52(2), 44-51. Open Google Scholar
  498. Leiner, B.M., Cerf, V.G., Clark, D.D., Kahn, R.E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D.C., Postel, J., Roberts, L.G. and Wolff, S. (2009). ‘A Brief History of the Internet’, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 39(5), 22-31. Open Google Scholar
  499. Lemley, M.A. and Lessig, L. (2001). ‘The End of End-to-End: Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era’, UCLA Law Review, 48(4), 925-972. Open Google Scholar
  500. Lessig, L. and McChesney, R.W. (2006). ‘No Tolls on the Internet’, Washington Post, June 8, available: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/07/AR2006060702108.html [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  501. Li, T., Iraqi, Y. and Boutaba, R. (2004). ‘Pricing and Admission Control for QoS-Enabled Internet’, Computer Networks, 46(1), 87-110. Open Google Scholar
  502. Liebowitz, S.J. and Margolis, S.E. (1994). ‘Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(2), 133–150.
 Open Google Scholar
  503. Liebowitz, S.J. and Margolis, S.E. (1996). ‘Should Technological Choice Be a Concern of Antitrust Policy?’, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 9(2), 283–318.
 Open Google Scholar
  504. Liebowitz, S.J. and Margolis, S.E. (2002). ‘Network Effects’, in: Cave, M.E., Majumdar, S.K. and Vogelsang, I. (eds.), Handbook of Telecommunications Economics: Volume 1, Amsterdam et al.: North-Holland, 75-96.
 Open Google Scholar
  505. Limelight Networks (2018a). ‘Limelight Networks and Ericsson to Accelerate Content Delivery and Edge Cloud Adoption’, Press Release, 18 October, available: http://investors.limelight.com/file/Index?KeyFile=395394914 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  506. Limelight Networks (2018b). Global Private Network, available: https://www.limelight.com/orchestrate-platform/global-infrastructure/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  507. Limelight Networks (2018c). Deep Dive Into the Limelight Networks Technology Stack, available: https://www.limelight.com/news/deep-dive-into-the-limelight-networks-technology-stack/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  508. Lipczynski, J., Wilson, J.O.S. and Goddard, J. (2013). Industrial Organization: Competition, Strategy and Policy, 4th ed., Harlow et al.: Pearson. Open Google Scholar
  509. Littlechild, S.C. (1983). Regulation of British Telecommunications’ Profitability, Report to the Secretary of State, London: Department of Industry.
 Open Google Scholar
  510. Littmann, D., Wigginton, C., Wilson, P., Haan, B. and Fritz, J. (2017). Communications Infrastructure Upgrade: The Need for Deep Fiber, Deloitte, July, available: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/us-tmt-5GReady-the-need-for-deep-fiber-pov.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  511. Lougheed, K. and Rekhter, Y. (1989). ‘A Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)’, RFC 1105, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1105 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  512. Lyons, D.A. (2013). ‘Internet Policy’s Next Frontier: Data Caps, Tiered Service Plans, and Usage-Based Broadband Pricing’, Federal Communications Law Journal, 66(1), 1-44. Open Google Scholar
  513. Ma, R.T.B. and Misra, V. (2013). ‘The Public Option: A Nonregulatory Alternative to Network Neutrality’, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 21(6), 1866-1879. Open Google Scholar
  514. MacKie-Mason, J.K. and Varian, H.R. (1995a). ‘Pricing the Internet’, in: Kahin, B. and Keller, J. (eds.), Public Access to the Internet, Cambridge, MA and London, UK: MIT Press, 269-314. Open Google Scholar
  515. MacKie-Mason, J.K. and Varian, H.R. (1995b). ‘Pricing Congestible Network Resources’, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 13(7), 1141-1149. Open Google Scholar
  516. MacKie-Mason, J.K., Murphy, L. and Murphy, J. (1998). ‘Responsive Pricing in the Internet’, in: McKnight, L.W. and Bailey, J.P. (eds.), Internet Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 279-303. Open Google Scholar
  517. Madiega, T. (2015). The EU Rules on Network Neutrality: Key Provisions, Remaining Concerns, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), Briefing, November. Open Google Scholar
  518. Maier, M., Chowdhury, M., Rimal, B.P. and Van, D.P. (2016). ‘The Tactile Internet: Vision, Recent Progress, and Open Challenges’, IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(5), 138-145. Open Google Scholar
  519. Maillé, P. and Tuffin, B. (2014). Telecommunication Network Economics: From Theory to Practice, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  520. Malkin, G. (1998). ‘RIP Version 2’, RFC 2453, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2453 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  521. Marcus, J.S. (1999). Designing Wide Area Networks and Internetworks: A Practical Guide, Reading, MA et al.: Addison-Wesley. Open Google Scholar
  522. Marcus, J.S. (2006). Interconnection in an NGN Environment, ITU Background Paper, NGN/02, 15 April, available: https://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ngn/documents/Papers/Marcus-060323-Fin-v2.1.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  523. Marcus, J.S. (2014). Network Neutrality Revisited: Challenges and Responses in the EU and in the US, Study for the IMCO Committee, IP/A/IMCO/2014-02, December. Open Google Scholar
  524. Marcus, J.S. (2016). ‘New Network Neutrality Rules in Europe: Comparisons to those in the U.S.’, Colorado Technology Law Journal, 14(2), 259-280.
 Open Google Scholar
  525. Marcus, J.S., Elixmann, D. and Carter, K.R. (2008). The Future of IP Interconnection: Technical, Economic, and Public Policy Aspects, Study for the European Commission, Final Report, 29 January, Bad Honnef: WIK-Consult. Open Google Scholar
  526. Marcus, J.S., Wernick, C., Gantumur, T. and Gries, C. (2017). Ökonomische Chancen und Risiken einer Weitreichenden Harmonisierung und Zentralisierung der TK-Regulierung in Europa, WIK Discussion Paper No. 420, June, Bad Honnef: WIK. Open Google Scholar
  527. Markham, J.W. (1950). ‘An Alternative Approach to the Concept of Workable Competition’, American Economic Review, 40(3), 349-361. Open Google Scholar
  528. Marsden, C.T. (2010). Net Neutrality: Towards a Co-Regulatory Solution, London, UK and New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic. Open Google Scholar
  529. Marsden, C.T. (2013). ‘Net Neutrality Law: Past Policy, Present Proposals, Future Regulation?’, Proceedings of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum: Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality, 25 October, Nusa Dua Bali, Indonesia, available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2335359 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  530. Marsden, C.T. (2016). ‘Comparative Case Studies in Implementing Net Neutrality: A Critical Analysis of Zero Rating’, SCRIPTted, 13(1), 1-39. Open Google Scholar
  531. Marsden, C.T. and Belli, L. (2015). ‘Not Neutrality but ‘Open Internet’ à l’Européenne’, LSE Media Policy Project Blog, 29 October, available: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2015/10/29/not-neutrality-but-open-internet-a-la-europeenne/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  532. Martin, S. (1993). Advanced Industrial Economics, Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Open Google Scholar
  533. Martin, S., Minet, P. and George, L. (2004). ‘Deterministic End-to-End Guarantees for Real-Time Applications in a DiffServ-MPLS Domain’, in: Ramamoorthy, C.V., Lee, R.L. and Lee, K.W. (eds.), Software Engineering Research and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3026, Berlin et al.: Springer, 51-73. Open Google Scholar
  534. Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M.D. and Green, J.R. (1995). Microeconomic Theory, New York, NY and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar
  535. Mason, R. (2000). ‘Simple Competitive Internet Pricing’, European Economic Review, 44(4-6), 1045-1056. Open Google Scholar
  536. Maxwell, W.J. and Bourreau, M. (2015). ‘Technology Neutrality in Internet, Telecoms and Data Protection Regulation’, Computer and Telecommunications Law Review, 21(1), 1-4. Open Google Scholar
  537. McCann, K., Mattei, A. Gledhill, J. and Kirson, G. (2012). Technical Evolution of the DTT Platform, An Independent Report by ZetaCast, Commissioned by Ofcom, Version 1.3, available: http://www.zetacast.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Evolution-of-DTT.pdf [accessed 09 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  538. McKnight, L.W. and Bailey, J.P. (eds.) (1998). Internet Economics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  539. McPherson, D. (2009). ‘Atlas Internet Observatory’, Presentation at ISOC Researchers @ IETF 76, 8-13 November, Hiroshima, Japan, available: https://wiki.tools.isoc.org/@api/deki/files/2426/=isoc-researchers-lunch.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  540. McTaggart, C. (2006). ‘Was the Internet Ever Neutral?’, Paper presented at the 34th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 29 September-1 October, Arlington, VA, available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2117601 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  541. Mell, P. and Grance, T. (2011). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145, available: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/legacy/sp/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  542. Mendelson, H. and Whang, S. (1990). ‘Optimal Incentive‐Compatible Priority Pricing for the M/M/1 Queue’, Operations Research, 38(5), 870‐883. Open Google Scholar
  543. Milgrom, P., Mitchell, B.M. and Srinagesh, P. (2000). ‘Competitive Effects of Internet Peering Policies’, in: Vogelsang, I. and Compaine, B.M. (eds.), The Internet Upheaval – Raising Questions, Seeking Answers in Communications Policy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 175-195. Open Google Scholar
  544. Miniwatts Marketing Group (2018). ‘Internet Usage Statistics: The Internet Big Picture – World Internet Users and 2018 Population Stats’, Internet World Stats, 30 June, available: https://internetworldstats.com/stats.htm [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  545. Mitchell, B.M. and Vogelsang, I. (1991). Telecommunications Pricing: Theory and Practice, Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  546. Möller, S. and Raake, A. (eds.) (2014). Quality of Experience – Advanced Concepts, Applications and Methods, Heidelberg et al.: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  547. Mohring, H. (1970). ‘The Peak Load Problem with Increasing Returns and Pricing Constraints’, American Economic Review, 60(4), 693-705. Open Google Scholar
  548. Mohring, H. and Harwitz, M. (1962). Highway Benefits: An Analytical Approach, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
 Open Google Scholar
  549. Moldovanu, B. and Tietzel, M. (1998). ‘Goethe’s Second-Price Auction’, The Journal of Political Economy, 106(4), 854-859. Open Google Scholar
  550. Morrison, S.A. (1987). ‘The Equity and Efficiency of Runway Pricing’, Journal of Public Economics, 34(1), 45-60. Open Google Scholar
  551. Motta, M. (2004). Competition Policy – Theory and Practice, Cambridge et al: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  552. Moy, J. (1989). ‘The OSPF Specification’, RFC 1131, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1131 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  553. Mueller, M. (1993). ‘Universal Service in Telephone History: A Reconstruction’, Telecommunications Policy, 17(5), 352-369. Open Google Scholar
  554. Mueller, M. (2013). Universal Service: Competition, Interconnection and Monopoly in the Making of the American Telephone System, Books, 18, available: http://surface.syr.edu/books/18 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  555. Nagy, C.I. (2013). ‘The Metamorphoses of Universal Service in the European Telecommunications and Energy Sector: A Trans-Sectoral Perspective’, German Law Journal, 14(9), 1731-1756. Open Google Scholar
  556. Naor, P. (1969). ‘The Regulation of Queue Size by Levying Tolls’, Econometrica, 37(1), 15‐24. Open Google Scholar
  557. Netflix (2018). Fill, Updates, and Maintenance, available: https://openconnect.netflix.com/en_gb/fill/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  558. Network Technical Advisory Group (1986). ‘Requirements for Internet Gateways – Draft’, RFC 985, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc985 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  559. Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F. and Black, D. (1998). ‘Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the I⁠P⁠v⁠4 and I⁠P⁠v⁠6 Headers’, RFC 2474, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2474 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  560. Nieminen, K. (2017). ‘Net Neutrality Measurements: Regulatory Use Case and Problem Statement’, Internet-Draft, IP Performance Working Group, 28 August, available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/draft-nieminen-ippm-nn-measurements-01.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  561. Noam, E.M. (1994). ‘Beyond Liberalization II: The Impending Doom of Common Carriage’, Telecommunications Policy, 18(6), 435-452. Open Google Scholar
  562. Nomikos, G., Kotronis, V., Sermpezis, P., Gigis, P., Manassakis, L., Dietzel, C., Konstantaras, S., Dimitropoulos, X. and Giotsas, V. (2018). ‘O Peer, Where Art Thou?: Uncovering Remote Peering Interconnections at IXPs’, Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018 (IMC ‘18), 31 October-2 November, Boston, MA, 265-278. available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3278532.3278556 [accessed 10 January 2019]. Open Google Scholar
  563. Norton, W.B. (2014). The 2014 Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet, DrPeering Press. Open Google Scholar
  564. Norton, W.B. (2016). Cloud Interconnections, White Paper, Version 1.6, available: https://www.caida.org/workshops/wie/1612/slides/wie1612_wnorton.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  565. Nuechterlein, J.E. and Yoo, C.S. (2015). ‘A Market-Oriented Analysis of the ‘Terminating Access Monopoly’ Concept’, Colorado Technology Law Journal, 14(1), 21-36. Open Google Scholar
  566. Nygren, E., Sitaraman, R.K. and Sun, J. (2010). ‘The Akamai Network: A Platform for High-Performance Internet Applications’, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 44(3), 2-19. Open Google Scholar
  567. Odlyzko, A. (1999). ‘Paris Metro Pricing for the Internet’, Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on E-Commerce (EC’99), 3-5 November, Denver, CO, 140-147, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/336992.337030 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  568. Odlyzko, A. (2014). ‘Will Smart Pricing Finally Take Off?’, in: Sen, S., Joe-Wong, C., Ha, S. and Chiang, M. (eds.), Smart Data Pricing, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 3-33. Open Google Scholar
  569. OECD (2008). Broadband and the Economy, Ministerial Background Report, DSTI/ICCP/IE(2007)3/FINAL, Paris: OECD, available: https://www.oecd.org/sti/40781696.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  570. OECD (2012). Market Definition, Policy Roundtables, DAF/COMP(2012)19, Paris: OECD, available: http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/Marketdefinition2012.pdf [accessed 08 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  571. OECD (2015a). ‘Broadband Access Network Speed Tests by Country’, available: http://www.oecd.org/sti/broadband/speed-tests.htm [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  572. OECD (2015b). Triple and Quadruple Play Bundles of Communication Services, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 23, Paris: OECD, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js04dp2q1jc-en [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  573. OECD (2017). The Evolving Role of Satellite Networks in Rural and Remote Broadband Access, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 264, Paris: OECD, available: https://doi.org/10.1787/7610090d-en [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  574. Ofcom (2018a). Enabling 5G in the UK, Discussion Document, 9 March, London, UK: Ofcom, available: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/111883/enabling-5g-uk.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  575. Ofcom (2018b). Wholesale Local Access Market Review: Statement – Volume 1: Markets, Market Power Determinations and Remedies, Statement, 28 March, London, UK: Ofcom, available: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/112475/wla-statement-vol-1.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  576. Ofcom (2018c). UK Home Broadband Performance: The Performance of Fixed-Line Broadband Delivered to UK Residential Consumers, Research Report, 9 May, London, UK: Ofcom, available: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/113796/home-broadband-2017.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  577. Ong, T. (2017). ‘Microsoft and Facebook Just Laid a 160-Terabits-Per-Second Cable 4,100 Miles Across the Atlantic’, The Verge, 25 September, available: https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/25/16359966/microsoft-facebook-transatlantic-cable-160-terabits-a-second [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  578. Ookla (2018). Help, available: http://www.speedtest.net/de/help [accessed 24 September 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  579. Oran, D. (ed.) (1990). ‘OSI IS-IS Intra-domain Routing Protocol’, RFC 1142, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1142 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  580. Ordonez-Lucena, J., Ameigeiras, P., Lopez, D., Ramos-Munoz, J.J., Lorca, J. and Folgueira, J. (2017). ‘Network Slicing for 5G with SDN/NFV: Concepts, Architectures, and Challenges’, IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(5), 80-87. Open Google Scholar
  581. Ou, G. (2008). Managing Broadband Networks: A Policymaker’s Guide, The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, December, available: http://www2.itif.org/2008-managing-broadband-policymakers-guide.pdf?_ga=2.198385327.1411444044.1542745432-1969726516.1542745432 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  582. Oxman, J. (1999). ‘The FCC and the Unregulation of the Internet’, OPP Working Paper Series, No. 31, Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission, available: http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp31.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  583. Pan, P., Swallow, G. and Atlas, A. (eds.) (2005). ‘Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels’, RFC 4090, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4090 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  584. Pankert, G., Faggiano, A. and Taga, K. (2014). The Future of the Internet: Innovation and Investment in IP Interconnection, Arthur D. Little and Liberty Global. Open Google Scholar
  585. Panwar, N., Sharma, S. and Singh, A.K. (2016). ‘A Survey on 5G: The Next Generation of Mobile Communication’, Physical Communication, 18(2), 64-84. Open Google Scholar
  586. Panzar, J.C. and Willig, R.D. (1977). ‘Free Entry and the Sustainability of Natural Monopoly’, Bell Journal of Economics, 8(1), 1-22. Open Google Scholar
  587. Panzar, J.C. and Willig, R.D. (1981). ‘Economies of Scope’, American Economic Review, 71(2), 268-272. Open Google Scholar
  588. Parker, G., van Alstyne, M.W. and Choudary, S.P. (2016). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You, New York, NY and London, UK: W.W. Norton & Company. Open Google Scholar
  589. Parris, C. and Ferrari, D. (1992). A Resource Based Pricing Policy for Real-Time Channels in a Packet-Switching Network, Technical Report, TR-92-018, Berkeley, CA: International Computer Science Institute. Open Google Scholar
  590. Parris, C., Ferrari, D. and Keshav, S. (1992). A Framework for the Study of Pricing in Integrated Networks, Technical Report, TR-92-016, Berkely, CA: International Computer Science Institute. Open Google Scholar
  591. Parvez, I., Rahmati, A., Guvenc, I., Sarwat, A.I. and Dai, H. (2018). ‘A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions’, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 20(4), 3098-3130. Open Google Scholar
  592. Paschalidis, I.C. and Tsitsiklis, J.N. (2000). ‘Congestion-Dependent Pricing of Network Services’, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 8(2), 171-184. Open Google Scholar
  593. Paxson, V. and Floyd, S. (1995). ‘Wide Area Traffic: The Failure of Poisson Modeling’, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 3(3), 226-244. Open Google Scholar
  594. Pehnelt, G. (2008). ‘The Economics of Net Neutrality Revisited’, Jena Economic Research Papers # 2008-080, available: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/31724 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  595. Peitz, M. and Schuett, F. (2016). ‘Net Neutrality and the Inflation of Traffic’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 46, 16-62. Open Google Scholar
  596. Peltzman, S. (1976). ‘Toward a More General Theory of Regulation’, Journal of Law and Economics, 19(2), 211-240.
 Open Google Scholar
  597. Peterson, L.L. and Davie, B.S. (2012). Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 5th ed., Amsterdam et al.: Morgan Kaufman. Open Google Scholar
  598. Philip, L., Cottrill, C., Farrington, J., Williams, F. and Ashmore, F. (2017). ‘The Digital Divide: Patterns, Policy and Scenarios for Connecting the ‘Final Few’ in Rural Communities Across Great Britain’, Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 386-398. Open Google Scholar
  599. Phlips, L. (1983). The Economics of Price Discrimination, Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  600. Pigou, A. (1920). The Economics of Welfare, London: Macmillan.
 Open Google Scholar
  601. Posner, R.A. (1971). ‘Taxation by Regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 2(1), 22-50.
 Open Google Scholar
  602. Posner, R.A. (1974). ‘Theories of Economic Regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 5(2), 335-358. Open Google Scholar
  603. Postel, J. (1977). ‘Comments on Internet Protocol and TCP’, IEN 2, available: https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien2.txt [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  604. Postel, J. (ed.) (1980a). ‘Internet Protocol: DOD Standard’, RFC 760, IEN 128, available: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc760.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  605. Postel, J. (1980b). ‘User Datagram Protocol’, RFC 768, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc768 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  606. Postel, J. (ed.) (1981a). ‘Internet Protocol – DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification’, RFC 791, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc791 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  607. Postel, J. (ed.) (1981b). ‘Transmission Control Protocol – DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification’, RFC 793, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc793 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  608. Postel, J. and Reynolds, J. (1983). ‘TELNET Protocol Specification’, RFC 854, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc854 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  609. Powell, M.K. (2004a). ‘Preserving Internet Freedom: Guiding Principles for the Industry’, Remarks at the Silicon Flatirons Symposium, University of Colorado School of Law, 8 Febuary, Boulder, CO, available: http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-243556A1.pdf [accessed 15 August 2017]. Open Google Scholar
  610. Powell, M.K. (2004b). ‘Preserving Internet Freedom: Guiding Principles for the Industry’, Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law, 3(1), 5-22. Open Google Scholar
  611. Premsankar, G., Di Francesco, M. and Taleb, T. (2018). ‘Edge Computing for the Internet of Things: A Case Study’, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2), 1275-1284. Open Google Scholar
  612. Pujol, E., Richter, P., Chandrasekaran, B., Smaragdakis, G., Feldmann, A., Maggs, B. and Ng, K.-C. (2014). ‘Back-Office Web Traffic on The Internet’, Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference (IMC ‘14), 5-7 November, Vancouver, BC, 257-270, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/2663716.2663756 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  613. QoS Working Group (2006). Inter-Provider Quality of Service, White Paper Draft 1.1, MIT Communications Futures Program, 17 November, available: http://cfp.mit.edu/docs/interprovider-qos-nov2006.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  614. Quoitin, B., Pelsser, C., Swinnen, L., Bonaventure, O. and Uhlig, S. (2003). ‘Interdomain Traffic Engineering with BGP’, IEEE Communications Magazine, 41(5), 122-128. Open Google Scholar
  615. Raake, A. and Egger, S. (2014). ‘Quality and Quality of Experience’, in: Möller, S. and Raake, A. (eds.), Quality of Experience – Advanced Concepts, Applications and Methods, Heidelberg et al.: Springer, 11-33. Open Google Scholar
  616. Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S. and Black, D. (2001). ‘The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP’, RFC 3168, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3168 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  617. Ramsey, F.P. (1927). ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation’, The Economic Journal, 37(145), 47-61. Open Google Scholar
  618. Reding, V. (2008). Net Neutrality and Open Networks – Towards a European Approach, SPEECH/08/473, 30 September, Copenhagen, Denmark, available: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-08-473_en.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  619. Reed, D.P., Saltzer, J.H. and Clark, D.D. (1998). ‘Commentaries on “Active Networking and End-to-End Arguments”’, IEEE Network, 12(3), 69-71. Open Google Scholar
  620. Reed, D., Warbritton, D. and Sicker, D. (2014). ‘Current Trends and Controversies in Internet Peering and Transit: Implications for the Future Evolution of the Internet’, Paper presented at the 42nd Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 12-14 September, Arlington, VA, available: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2418770 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  621. Reggiani, C. and Valletti, T. (2016). ‘Net Neutrality and Innovation at the Core and the Edge’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 45, 16-27. Open Google Scholar
  622. Reichert, C. (2018). ‘Vodafone Deutschland Launches Gigabit Cable Broadband‘, ZDNet.com, 2 October, available: https://www.zdnet.com/article/vodafone-deutschland-launches-gigabit-cable-broadband/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  623. Reichl, P., Flury, P., Gerke, J. and Stiller, B. (2001). ‘How to Overcome the Feasibility Problem for Tariffing Internet Services: The Cumulus Pricing Scheme’, Paper presented at the IEEE Conference on Communications (ICC 2001), 11-14 June, Helsinki, Finland, 2079-2083, available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/937025 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  624. Reiter, U., Brunnström, K., De Moor, K., Larabi, M.-C., Pereira, M., Pinheiro, A., You, J. and Zgank, A. (2014). ‘Factors Influencing Quality of Experience’, in: Möller, S. and Raake, A. (eds.), Quality of Experience – Advanced Concepts, Applications and Methods, Heidelberg et al.: Springer, 55-72. Open Google Scholar
  625. Rekhter, Y. and Li, T. (eds.) (1994). ‘A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)’, RFC 1654, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1654 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  626. Rekhter, Y. and Li, T. (eds.) (1995). ‘A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)’, RFC 1771, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1771 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  627. Rekhter, Y., Li, T. and Hares, S. (eds.) (2006). ‘A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)’, RFC 4271, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4271 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  628. Reynolds, J. (ed.) (2002). ‘Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 is Replaced by an On-Line Database’, RFC 3232, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3232 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  629. Reynolds, J. and Postel, J. (1994). ‘Assigned Numbers’, RFC 1700, available: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1700.txt [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  630. Roberts, L.G. (1988). ‘The ARPANET and Computer Networks’, in: Goldberg, A. (ed.), A History of Personal Workstations, New York, NY: ACM Press, 141-172. Open Google Scholar
  631. Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J. (2003). ‘Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets’, Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 990-1029. Open Google Scholar
  632. Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J. (2006). ‘Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report’, RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3), 645-667. Open Google Scholar
  633. Rohlfs, J.H. (1974). ‘A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communications Service’, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 5(1), 16-37. Open Google Scholar
  634. Rohlfs, J.H. (2001). Bandwagon Effects in High Tech Industries, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  635. Ros, D. and Tuffin, B. (2004). ‘A Mathematical Model of the Paris Metro Pricing Scheme for Charging Packet Networks’, Computer Networks, 46(1), 73-85. Open Google Scholar
  636. Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and Callon, R. (2001a). ‘Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture’, RFC 3031, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3031 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  637. Rosen, E., Tappan, D., Fedorkow, G., Rekhter, Y., Farinacci, D., Li, T. and Conta, A. (2001b). ‘MPLS Label Stack Encoding’, RFC 3032, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3032 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  638. Rosston, G.L. and Wimmer, B.S. (2000). ‘The ‘State’ of Universal Service’, Information Economics and Policy, 12(3), 261-283. Open Google Scholar
  639. Rysman, M. (2009). ‘The Economics of Two-Sided Markets’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(3), 125-143. Open Google Scholar
  640. Salant, S. and Seegert, N. (2018). ‘Should Congestion Tolls be Set by the Government or by the Private Sector? The Knight-Pigou Debate Revisited’, Economica, 85(339), 428-448. Open Google Scholar
  641. Salemink, K., Strijker, D. and Bosworth, G. (2017). ‘Rural Development in the Digital Age: A Systematic Literature Review on Unequal ICT Availability, Adoption, and Use in Rural Areas’, Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 360-371. Open Google Scholar
  642. Salop, S.C. (1979). ‘Monopolistic Competition with Outside Goods’, Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 141-156. Open Google Scholar
  643. Saltzer, J.H., Reed, D.P. and Clark, D.D. (1984). ‘End-to-End Arguments in System Design’, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 2(4), 277-288. Open Google Scholar
  644. Sandvig. C. (2007). ‘Network Neutrality is the New Common Carriage’, info, 9(2/3), 136-147. Open Google Scholar
  645. Sandvine (2015a). Global Internet Phenomena Report: Latin America & North America, May. Open Google Scholar
  646. Sandvine (2015b). Global Internet Phenomena Report: Asia-Pacific & Europe, September. Open Google Scholar
  647. Sandvine (2015c). Global Internet Phenomena Report: Africa, Middle East & North America, December. Open Google Scholar
  648. Sandvine (2016). Global Internet Phenomena Report: Latin America & North America, June. Open Google Scholar
  649. Sandvine (2018). The Global Internet Phenomena Report, available: https://www.sandvine.com/hubfs/downloads/phenomena/2018-phenomena-report.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  650. Satyanarayanan, M. (2017). ‘The Emergence of Edge Computing’, Computer, 50(1), 30-39. Open Google Scholar
  651. Sawers, P. (2018). ‘Google Announces its First Private Transatlantic Subsea Cable, Stretching from Virginia to France’, Venturebeat.com, 17 July, available: https://venturebeat.com/2018/07/17/google-announces-its-first-private-transatlantic-subsea-cable-stretching-from-virginia-to-france/ [accessed 14 September 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  652. Scales, I. (2018). ‘How ‘Multi-Access’ is the 5G Edge?’, TelecomTV.com, 27 June, available: https://www.telecomtv.com/content/edge/how-multi-access-is-the-5g-edge-31460/ [accessed 14 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  653. Schatz, R., Fiedler, M. and Skorin-Kapov, L. (2014). ‘QoE-Based Network and Application Management’, in: Möller, S. and Raake, A. (eds.), Quality of Experience – Advanced Concepts, Applications and Methods, Heidelberg et al.: Springer, 411-426. Open Google Scholar
  654. Scherer, J. (ed.) (2013). Telecommunication Laws in Europe: Law and Regulation of Electronic Communications in Europe, 6th ed., West Sussex: Bloomsbury Professional. Open Google Scholar
  655. Schlinker, B., Kim, H., Cui, T., Katz-Bassett, E., Madhyastha, H.V., Cunha, I., Quinn, J., Hasan, S., Lapukhov, P. and Zeng, H. (2017). ‘Engineering Egress with Edge Fabric: Steering Oceans of Content to the World’, Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM ‘17), 21-25 August, Los Angeles, CA, 418-431, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3098822.3098853 [accessed 14 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  656. Schuett, F. (2010). ‘Network Neutrality: A Survey of the Economic Literature’, Review of Network Economics, 9(2), 1-15. Open Google Scholar
  657. Schumpeter, J. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar
  658. Schumpeter, J. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York, NY: Harper Brothers.
 Open Google Scholar
  659. Schwartz, M. and Weiser, P.J. (2009). ‘Introduction to a Special Issue on Network Neutrality’, Review of Network Economics, 8(1), 1-12. Open Google Scholar
  660. Sen, S., Joe-Wong, C., Ha, S. and Chiang, M. (2012). ‘Incentivizing Time-Shifting of Data: A Survey of Time-Dependent Pricing for Internet Access’, IEEE Communications Magazine, 50(11) 91-99. Open Google Scholar
  661. Sen, S., Joe-Wong, C., Ha, S. and Chiang, M. (eds.) (2014). Smart Data Pricing, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  662. Sengupta, S., Chatterjee, M. and Ganguly, S. (2008). ‘Improving Quality of VoIP Streams over WiMax’, IEEE Transctions on Computers, 57(2), 145-156. Open Google Scholar
  663. Seufert, M., Egger, S., Slanina, M., Zinner, T., Hoßfeld, T. and Tran-Gia, P. (2015). ‘A Survey on Quality of Experience of HTTP Adaptive Streaming’, IEEE Communication Surveys & Tutorials, 17(1), 469-492. Open Google Scholar
  664. Shah, P., Mukhopadhyaya, U. and Sathiamurthi, A. (2006). ‘Overview of QoS in Packet-based IP and MPLS Networks’, Presentation at NANOG 36, 12-15 February, Dallas, TX, available: https://www.nanog.org/meetings/nanog36/presentations/sathiamurthi.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  665. Shah, A., Sicker, D.C. and Hatfield, D.N. (2003). ‘Thinking About Openness in the Telecommunications Policy Context’, Paper presented at the 31st Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 19-21 September, Arlington, VA, available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2060641 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  666. Shand, M. and Ginsberg, L. (2014). ‘Reclassification of RFC 1142 to Historic’, RFC 7142, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7142 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  667. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R. (1999). Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Open Google Scholar
  668. Shenker, S. and Wroclawski, J. (1997). ‘General Characterization Parameters for Integrated Services Network Elements’, RFC 2215, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2215 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  669. Shenker, S., Partridge, C. and Guerin, R. (1997). ‘Specification of Guaranteed Quality of Service’, RFC 2212, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2212 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  670. Shenker, S., Clark, D.D., Estrin, D. and Herzog, S. (1996). ‘Pricing in Computer Networks: Reshaping the Research Agenda’, Telecommunications Policy, 20(3), 183-201. Open Google Scholar
  671. Shortle, J.F., Thompson, J.M., Gross, D. and Harris, C.M. (2018). Fundamentals of Queueing Theory, 5th ed., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  672. Sidak, J.G. and Teece, D.J. (2010). ‘Innovation Spillovers and the “Dirt Road” Fallacy: The Intellectual Bankruptcy of Banning Optional Transactions for Enhanced Delivery over the Internet’, Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 6(3), 521-594. Open Google Scholar
  673. Smith, J.M. (2009). ‘Fighting Physics: A Tough Battle’, ACM Queue, 7(3), 20-26. Open Google Scholar
  674. Solum, L.B. and Chung, M. (2003). The Layers Principle: Internet Architecture and the Law, University of San Diego School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 55, available: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=416263 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  675. Spence, A.M. (1976). ‘Product Selection, Fixed Costs, and Monopolistic Competition’, Review of Economic Studies, 43(2), 217-235. Open Google Scholar
  676. Speta, J.B. (2000). ‘Handicapping the Race for the Last Mile?: A Critique of Open Access Rules for Broadband Platforms’, Yale Journal on Regulation, 17(1), 39-91. Open Google Scholar
  677. Spiegler, R (2000). ‘Extracting Interaction-Created Surplus’, Games and Economic Behavior, 30(1), 142-162. Open Google Scholar
  678. Spring, N., Mahajan, R. and Anderson, T. (2003). ‘The Causes of Path Inflation’, Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SIGCOMM ’03), 25-29 August, Karlsruhe, Germany, 113-124, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/863955.863970 [accessed 12 December 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  679. Spulber, D.F. (1989). Regulation and Markets, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
 Open Google Scholar
  680. Sridharan, M., Tan, K., Bansal, D. and Thaler, D. (2008). ‘Compound TCP: A New TCP Congestion Control for High-Speed and Long-Distance Networks’, Internet Draft, Version 02, IETF Network Working Group, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-sridharan-tcpm-ctcp-02 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  681. Statt, N. (2018). ‘FCC Approves SpaceX’s Ambitious Satellite Internet Plans: Starlink Is Well on Its Way to Serving Customers on Earth’, The Verge, 29 March, available: https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/29/17178126/spacex-satellite-broadband-internet-fcc-approval-license-starlink-spectrum [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  682. Steenbergen, R. (2010). ‘MPLS for Dummies’, Presentation at NANOG 49, 13-16 June, San Francisco, CA, available: https://www.nanog.org/meetings/abstract?meet=49&pt=MTU2OCZuYW5vZzQ5&nm=nanog49 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  683. Steiner, P.O. (1957). ‘Peak Loads and Efficient Pricing’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 71(4), 585-610. Open Google Scholar
  684. Stigler, G.J. (1968). ‘Barriers to Entry, Economies of Scale, and Firm Size’, in: Stigler, G.J., The Organization of Industry, Homewood, Ill: R.D. Irwin, 67-70. Open Google Scholar
  685. Stigler, G.J. (1971). ‘The Theory of Economic Regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 2(1), 3-21. Open Google Scholar
  686. Stiller, B., Reichl, P. and Leinen, S. (2001a). ‘Pricing and Cost Recovery for Internet Services: Practical Review, Classification, and Application of Relevant Models’, NETNOMICS – Economic Research and Electronic Networking, 3(2), 149-171. Open Google Scholar
  687. Stiller, B., Gerke, J., Reichl, P. and Flury, P. (2001b). ‘A Generic and Modular Internet Charging System for the Cumulus Pricing Scheme’, Journal of Network and Systems Management, 9(3), 293–325. Open Google Scholar
  688. Stiller, B., Gerke, J., Reichl, P. and Flury, P. (2001c). ‘Management of Differentiated Services Usage by the Cumulus Pricing Scheme and a Generic Internet Charging System’, 2001 IEEE/IFIP International Symposium on Integrated Network Management Proceedings: Integrated Network Management VII – Integrated Management Strategies for the New Millennium (Cat. No.01EX470), 14-18 May, Seattle, WA, 93-106. Open Google Scholar
  689. Stocker, V. (2013). ‘On the Weal and Woe of Traffic Management in Europe – A Critical Appraisal from a Network Economic Perspective’, Paper presented at the 24th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS), 20-23 October, Florence, Italy, available: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/88542 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  690. Stocker, V. (2015). ‘Interconnection and Capacity Allocation for All-IP Networks: Walled Gardens or Full Integration?’, Paper presented at the 43rd Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (TPRC), 25-27 September, Arlington, VA, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2587833 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  691. Stocker, V. and Whalley, J. (2017). ‘Who Replies to Consultations, and What Do They Say? The Case of Broadband Universal Service in the UK’, Paper presented at the 28th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS), 30 July-2 August, Passau, Germany, available: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/169499 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  692. Stocker, V. and Whalley, J. (2018). ‘Speed Isn’t Everything: A Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Broadband Consumer Experience in the UK’, Telecommunications Policy, 42(1), 1-14. Open Google Scholar
  693. Stocker, V., Smaragdakis, G., Lehr, W.H. and Bauer, S. (2017). ‘The Growing Complexity of Content Delivery Networks: Challenges and Implications for the Internet Ecosystem’, Telecommunications Policy, 41(10), 1003-1016. Open Google Scholar
  694. Streibelt, F., Lichtblau, F., Beverly, R., Feldmann, A., Pelsser, C., Smaragdakis, G. and Bush, R. (2018). ‘BGP Communities: Even more Worms in the Routing Can’, Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018 (IMC ‘18), 31 October-2 November, Boston, MA, 279-292, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3278532.3278557 [accessed 10 January 2019]. Open Google Scholar
  695. Strotz, R.H. (1965). ‘Urban Transportation Parables’, in: Margolis, J. (ed.), The Public Economy of Urban Communities, Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 127-169. Open Google Scholar
  696. Sullivan, M. (2014). ‘Netflix ‘Fast Lanes’ Make it a Net Neutrality Hypocrite, FCC Commissioner Says’, VentureBeat.com, 2 December, available: https://venturebeat.com/2014/12/02/netflix-fast-lanes-make-it-a-net-neutrality-hypocrite-fcc-commissioner-says/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  697. Svensson, P. (2007). ‘Comcast Blocks Some Internet Traffic’, Washington Post, 19 October, available: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101900842.html [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  698. Szigeti, T. and Hattingh, C. (2005). End-to-End QoS Network Design: Quality of Service in LANs, WANs, and VPNs, Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press. Open Google Scholar
  699. Szigeti, T., Hattingh, C., Barton, R. and Briley, K.R. (2015). End-to-End QoS Network Design: Quality of Service for Rich-Media & Cloud Networks, 2nd ed., Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press. Open Google Scholar
  700. Tanenbaum, A.S. and Wetherall, D.J. (2011). Computer Networks, 5th ed., Boston et al.: Prentice Hall. Open Google Scholar
  701. TeleGeography (2018). Submarine Cable Frequently Asked Questions, available: https://www2.telegeography.com/submarine-cable-faqs-frequently-asked-questions [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  702. TeleGeography (2019). Submarine Cable Map, available: https://www.submarinecablemap.com [accessed 18 January 2019]. Open Google Scholar
  703. Timmers, M., Zhao, R., Mau, J. and Salgado, J. (2018). Migrating from Copper to Fibre: The Telco Perspective, A White Paper by the Deployment & Operations Committee, FTTH Council Europe, available: https://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/DandO_White_Paper2018_Cu_FTTH_Migration.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  704. Tirole, J. (1988). The Theory of Industrial Organization, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  705. Tirole, J. (2015). ‘Market Failures and Public Policy’, American Economic Review, 105(6), 1665-1682. Open Google Scholar
  706. Train, K.E. (1991). Optimal Regulation: The Economic Theory of Natural Monopoly, Cambridge, MA and London, UK: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  707. Trevisan, M., Giordano, D., Drago, I., Mellia, M. and Munafo, M. (2018). ‘Five Years at the Edge: Watching Internet from the ISP Network’, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies (CoNEXT ‘18), 4-7 December, Heraklion, Greece, 1-12, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3281411.3281433 accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  708. Tuffin, B. (2003). ‘Charging the Internet Without Bandwidth Reservation: An Overview and Bibliography of Mathematical Approaches’, Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 19(5), 765-786. Open Google Scholar
  709. Ungern-Sternberg, T. von (1991). ‘Monopolistic Competition on the Pyramid’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 39(4), 355-368. Open Google Scholar
  710. United States Department of Justice (2011). Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies, Antitrust Division, June, available: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/06/17/272350.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  711. Valdar, A. (2006). Understanding Telecommunication Networks, Series 52, London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology. Open Google Scholar
  712. van Eijk, N.A.N.M. (2016). ‘Does Net Neutrality Work? The Dutch Case’, Paper presented at the 27th European Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS), 7-9 September, Cambridge, UK, available: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/148715 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  713. Van Hove, L. (2014). ‘Metcalfe’s Law: Not So Wrong After All’, Netnomics, 15(1), 1-8. Open Google Scholar
  714. van Schewick, B. (2007). ‘Towards an Economic Framework for Network Neutrality Regulation’, Journal on Telecommunications and High Technolology Law, 5, 329-392. Open Google Scholar
  715. van Schewick, B. (2010). Internet Architecture and Innovation, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  716. van Schewick, B. (2016). ‘Internet Architecture and Innovation in Applications’, in: Bauer, J.M. and Latzer, M. (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of the Internet, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 288-322. Open Google Scholar
  717. Vanberg, M. (2009). Competition and Cooperation Among Internet Service Providers – A Network Economic Analysis, Freiburger Studien zur Netzökonomie, Band 14, Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  718. Varela, M., Skorin-Kapov, L. and Ebrahimi, T. (2014). ‘Quality of Service Versus Quality of Experience’, in: Möller, S. and Raake, A. (eds.), Quality of Experience – Advanced Concepts, Applications and Methods, Heidelberg et al.: Springer, 85-96. Open Google Scholar
  719. Varian, H.R. (1989). ‘Price Discrimination’, in: Schmalensee, R. and Willig, R. (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization: Volume 1, Amsterdam et al: North-Holland, 597-654. Open Google Scholar
  720. Varian, H.R. (2002). ‘The Demand for Bandwidth: Evidence from the INDEX Project’, in: Crandall, R.W. and Alleman, J.H. (eds.), Broadband – Should We Regulate High-Speed Internet Access?, Washington, D.C.: AEI Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, 39-56. Open Google Scholar
  721. Varian, H.R. (2010). ‘Congestion Pricing Principles’, Presentation at IETF 78, 25-30 July, Maastricht, Netherlands, available: http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/78/slides/plenaryt-3.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  722. Vasseur, J.P. (ed.), Swallow, G. and Minei, I. (2010). ‘Node Behavior upon Originating and Receiving Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Path Error Messages’, RFC 5711, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5711 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  723. Verhoef, E.T. and Mohring, H. (2009). ‘Self-Financing Roads’, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3(5-6), 293-311. Open Google Scholar
  724. Vickrey, W. (1955). ‘A Proposal for Revising New York’s Subway Fare Structure’, Journal of the Operations Research Society of America, 3(1), 38-68. Open Google Scholar
  725. Vickrey, W. (1959). ‘Statement on the Pricing of Urban Street Use’, Hearings: U.S. Congress Joint Committee on Metropolitan Washington Problems, 11 November. Open Google Scholar
  726. Vickrey, W. (1961). ‘Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders’, Journal of Finance, 16(1), 8-37. Open Google Scholar
  727. Vickrey, W. (1963). ‘Pricing in Urban and Suburban Transport’, American Economic Review, 53(2), 452-465. Open Google Scholar
  728. Viscusi, W.K., Vernon, J.M. and Harrington, J.E. (2005). Economics of Regulation and Antitrust, 4th ed., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Open Google Scholar
  729. Vogelsang, I. (1988). ‘Deregulation and Privatization in Germany’, Journal of Public Policy, 8(2), 195–212. Open Google Scholar
  730. Vogelsang, I. (2002). ‘Incentive Regulation and Competition in Public Utility Markets: A 20-Year Perspective’, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 22(1), 5-27. Open Google Scholar
  731. Vogelsang, I. (2013). ‘The Endgame of Telecommunications Policy? A Survey’, Review of Economics, 64(3), 193-270. Open Google Scholar
  732. Waidmann, M. (2016). Marktöffnung, Marktmachtregulierung und Qualität im Wassersektor – Eine Netzökonomische Analyse, Freiburger Studien zur Netzökonomie, Band 20, Baden-Baden: Nomos. Open Google Scholar
  733. Wakefield, J. (2017). ‘Net Neutrality Debate 'Controlled by Bots'’, BBC News, 4 October, available: http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41497342 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  734. Waldmann, K.H. and Stocker, U.M. (2004). Stochastische Modelle: Eine A⁠n⁠w⁠e⁠n⁠d⁠u⁠n⁠g⁠s¬o⁠r⁠i⁠e⁠ntierte Einführung, Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  735. Walras, L. (1874/1877). Eléments d’Économie Politique pure ou Théorie de la Richesse Sociale, Lausanne: L. Corbaz & cie. Open Google Scholar
  736. Wannstrom, J. (2013). ‘LTE-Advanced’, 3GPP, available: http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  737. Weizsäcker, C.C. von (1984). ‘Rights and Relations in Modern Economic Theory’, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 5(2), 133-157. Open Google Scholar
  738. Weller, D. and Woodcock, B. (2013). Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 207, Paris: OECD, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  739. Welzl, M. (2005). Network Congestion Control: Managing Internet Traffic, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  740. Welzl, M. (2017). ‘TCP in Painful Detail (and some SCTP and QUIC as well)’, Presentation at the Net Group: University of Rome Tor Vergata, 22 September, Rome, Italy, available: https://heim.ifi.uio.no/michawe/research/publications/tor-vergata_tcp-tutorial_2017.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  741. Werbach, K. (2002). ‘A Layered Model for Internet Policy’, Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law, 1(1), 37-68. Open Google Scholar
  742. Whitt, R.S. (2004). ‘A Horizontal Leap Forward: Formulating a New Communications Public Policy Framework Based on the Network Layers Model’, Federal Communications Law Journal, 56(3), 587-672. Open Google Scholar
  743. Wilhelm, A. (2014). ‘The FCC Fires Back at the President’s Net Neutrality Plan’, Tech Crunch, 10 November, available: https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/10/the-fcc-fires-back-at-the-presidents-net-neutrality-plan/ [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  744. Williamson, O.E. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York, NY and London, UK: The Free Press. Open Google Scholar
  745. Witt, U. (ed.) (1993). Evolutionary Economics, Aldershot: Edward Elgar. Open Google Scholar
  746. Woodcock, B. and Frigino, M. (2016). 2016 Survey of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements, BoR (16) 237, 21 November, available: https://berec.europa.eu/eng/document_register/subject_matter/berec/others/6574-2016-survey-of-internet-carrier-interconnection-agreements [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  747. Wright, J.D. (2015). ‘Net Neutrality Meets Regulatory Economics 101’, Engage, 16(2), 76-81. Open Google Scholar
  748. Wroclawski, J. (1997a). ‘The Use of RSVP with IETF Integrated Services’, RFC 2210, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2210 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  749. Wroclawski, J. (1997b). ‘Specification of Controlled-Load Network Element Service’, RFC 2211, available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2211 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  750. Wu, T. (2002). ‘A Proposal for Network Neutrality’, June, available: http://www.timwu.org/OriginalNNProposal.pdf [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  751. Wu, T. (2003). ‘Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination’, Journal on Telecommunication and High Technology Law, 2, 141-179. Open Google Scholar
  752. Xiao, X. and Ni, L.M. (1999). ‘Internet QoS: A Big Picture’, IEEE Network, 13(2), 8-18. Open Google Scholar
  753. Xu, K., Zhong, Y. and He, H. (2014). Internet Resource Pricing Models, New York et al.: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  754. Yap, K.-K., Motiwala, M., Rahe, J., Padgett, S., Holliman, M., Baldus, G., Hines, M., Kim, T., Narayanan, A., Jain, A., Lin, V., Rice, C., Rogan, B., Singh, A., Tanaka, B., Verma, M., Sood, P., Tariq, M., Tierney, M., Trumic, D., Valancius, V., Ying, C., Kallahalla, M., Koley, B. and Vahdat, A. (2017). ‘Taking the Edge off with Espresso: Scale, Reliability and Programmability for Global Internet Peering’, Proceedings of the Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM ‘17), 21-25 August, Los Angeles, CA, 432-445, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/3098822.3098854 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  755. Yoo, C.S. (2005). ‘Beyond Network Neutrality’, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 19(1), 1-77. Open Google Scholar
  756. Yoo, C.S. (2006). ‘Network Neutrality and the Economics of Congestion’, The Georgetown Law Journal, 94(6), 1847-1908. Open Google Scholar
  757. Yoo, C.S. (2013). ‘Protocol Layering and Internet Policy’, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161(6), 1707-1771. Open Google Scholar
  758. Yoo, C.S. (2016). ‘Modularity Theory and Internet Regulation’, University of Illinois Law Review, 2016(1), 1-62. Open Google Scholar
  759. Zarnekow, R., Wulf, J. and Bornstaedt, F. von (2013). Internetwirtschaft – Das Geschäft des Datentransports im Internet, Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Gabler. Open Google Scholar
  760. Zhao, R., Fischer, W., Aker, E. and Rigby, P. (2014). Broadband Access Technologies, White Paper, FTTH-Council Europe, available: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/white-paper-broadband-access-technologies [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  761. Zhao, S., Li, Z., Medhi, D., Lai, P. and Liu, S. (2017). ‘Study of User QoE Improvement for Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH)’, 2017 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), 26-29 January, Santa Clara, CA, 566-570. Open Google Scholar
  762. Zhao, M., Aditya, P., Chen, A., Lin, Y., Haeberlen, A., Druschel, P., Maggs, B., Wishon, B. and Ponec, M. (2013). ‘Peer-Assisted Content Distribution in Akamai NetSession’, Proceedings of the 2013 Internet Measurement Conference (IMC ’13), 23-25 October, Barcelona, Spain, 31-42, available: https://doi.org/10.1145/2504730.2504752 [accessed 20 November 2018]. Open Google Scholar
  763. Zimmermann, H. (1980). ‘OSI Reference Model – The ISO Model of Architecture for Open System Interconnection’, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 28(4), 425-432. Open Google Scholar
  764. Zittrain, J.L. (2008). The Future of the Internet—And How to Stop It, New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Open Google Scholar

Similar publications

from the topics "Environmental Economics & Environmental Management & Energy Economy", "Competition Policy & Economic Order Policy & Economic Policy", "Investment & Finance"
Cover of book: Comparative Perspectives on the Law of Energy Transition in Europe
Edited Book Full access
Michael Rodi, Johannes Saurer
Comparative Perspectives on the Law of Energy Transition in Europe
Cover of book: Le sanzioni dell’UE nei confronti della Russia tra sicurezza internazionale e diritti umani
Edited Book No access
Antonino Alì
Le sanzioni dell’UE nei confronti della Russia tra sicurezza internazionale e diritti umani
Cover of book: Unlocking the Potential of Sustainable Finance
Book Titles Full access
Isabelle Hinsche-McLardy
Unlocking the Potential of Sustainable Finance
Cover of book: Finance, Accounting, Controlling im Kontext von Digitaler Transformation und Nachhaltigkeit
Edited Book No access
Manuela Ender, Tim Alexander Herberger, Michael Kuttner
Finance, Accounting, Controlling im Kontext von Digitaler Transformation und Nachhaltigkeit
Cover of book: Perspektiven der Netzökonomie
Edited Book Partial access
Volker Stocker, Franziska Birke, Gert Brunekreeft, Hans-Jörg Weiß
Perspektiven der Netzökonomie

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Give feedback

We welcome your feedback on content and features. Your message helps us to continuously improve our service.

Rating
Attach images
or drag and drop
PNG or JPG (max. 3 MB)

Login

Forgotten your password?
Login via Open Athens
Don't have an account yet?
Register now

Cite publication

Download: RIS BibTex