Genome Editing in Agriculture

Christian Dürnberger; Sebastian Pfeilmeier; Stephan Schleissing

doi:10.5771/9783845296432

Summary

Neue Pflanzenzüchtungstechnologien wie CRISPR/Cas haben das Potenzial zur Verbesserung der Nachhaltigkeit in der Landwirtschaft. Mit den Techniken des Genome Editing können die Erträge bei gleichzeitig reduziertem Pestizideinsatz gesteigert werden. Auch an der Verbesserung des Nährwerts von Pflanzen wird weltweit geforscht. Ob die neuen Techniken allerdings in Europa zum Einsatz kommen, ist gegenwärtig fraglich. Soll Genome Editing wie die „klassische“ Gentechnik reguliert werden? Und wie kann eine verantwortliche Auslegung des Vorsorgeprinzips beim Einsatz der neuen Technologien aussehen? Die politische Diskussion um die Bewertung der neuen Pflanzenzüchtungstechnologien ist in vollem Gange. Die Beiträge dieses Sammelbands präsentieren rechtliche, soziale und ethische Aspekten zum Thema, die auf einer Summer School des Instituts Technik-Theologie-Naturwissenschaften (TTN) an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München zur Diskussion standen.

Mit Beiträgen von

Stephan Schleissing; Sebastian Pfeilmeier; Christian Dürnberger; Jarst van Belle; Jan Schaart; Robert van Loo; Katharina Unkel; Thorben Sprink; Aurélie Jouanin; Marinus J.M. Smulders; Hans-Georg Dederer; Brigitte Voigt; Felix Beck; João Otávio Benevides Demasi; Bartosz Bartkowski; Chad M. Baum; Alexander Bogner; Helge Torgersen; Sebastian Schubert; Anne Friederike Hoffmann; Ksenia Gerasimova; Karolina Rucinska

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Bibliographic data

Copyright year: 2019
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-5518-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-9643-2
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: TTN Studien - Schriften aus dem Institut Technik-Theologie-Naturwissenschaften
Volume: 7
Language: English
Pages: 293
Product type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 8
Genome Editing in Agriculture: Between Precaution and Responsibility. An Introduction No access Pages 9 - 22 Stephan Schleissing, Sebastian Pfeilmeier, Christian Dürnberger
1. Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo
  1. I. Introduction No access Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo
  2. II. Genome Editing: The Next Step in Plant Breeding No access Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo
  3. III. Genome Editing in Camelina No access Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo
  4. IV. The Impact of Different GMO Legislations on Genome Edited Products No access Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo
  5. V. Discussion No access Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo
  6. Acknowledgements No access Jarst van Belle, Jan Schaart, Robert van Loo
2. Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  1. I. Introduction No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  2. Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
    1. A. Transgenesis: Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
    2. B. Site-Directed Nucleases as a New Plant Breeding Technique No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
    3. C. RNA Guided Endonucleases No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  3. III. Going well together: Combining NPBTs with Conventional Breeding Techniques No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  4. IV. Accelerating the Breeding of Carrots using Uniparental Genome Eliminatian No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  5. V. Regulation of NPBTs No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  6. VI. Public Condemnation of NPBTs No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  7. VII. Conclusion No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
  8. Acknowledgments No access Katharina Unkel, Thorben Sprink
3. Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
  1. I. Introduction to Wheat, Gluten, and Coeliac Disease No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
  2. II. Wheat Breeding for ‘Gluten-Safe’ Varieties No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
  3. III. CRISPR/Cas9 Modifying Gliadin Genes for ‘Gluten-Safe’ Wheat Grain No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
  4. Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
    1. A. Regulation of Mutated Plants obtained by Mutation Breeding vs NPBT No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
    2. B. Food Safety, Food Security, Health and Economy related to NPBT Regulation No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
    3. C. Public Acceptance No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
    4. D. Policy Making No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
  5. V. Conclusions and Recommendations regarding NPBT Regulation No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
  6. Acknowledgements No access Aurélie Jouanin, Marinus J.M. Smulders
1. Hans-Georg Dederer
  1. I. Introduction No access Hans-Georg Dederer
  2. Hans-Georg Dederer
    1. A. Step-by-Step Concept No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    2. B. Sources of Law No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    3. C. The Definition of ‘GMO’ No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    4. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. Risk Prevention No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      2. 2. Risk Control No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      3. Hans-Georg Dederer
        i) Labeling No access Hans-Georg Dederer
        ii) Traceability No access Hans-Georg Dederer
        iii) Coexistence No access Hans-Georg Dederer
        iv) Compatibility with Other Public Concerns No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    5. E. The Adequacy of the GMO Framework for GE Organisms No access Hans-Georg Dederer
  3. Hans-Georg Dederer
    1. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. Sources No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      2. 2. Applicability No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      3. 3. Meaning No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      4. 4. Addressees No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      5. 5. Precautionary Measures No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    2. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. Relevance of the Precautionary Principle for the Regulation of GE Organisms No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    3. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. The ‘Product versus Process’ Controversy No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      2. 2. The ‘Product versus Process’ Controversy Revisited No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    4. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. WTO Law No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      2. 2. Primary EU Law No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      3. 3. Relevance for the Regulation of GE Organisms No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    5. E. Normative Values No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    6. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. The United States No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      2. 2. Canada No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      3. 3. Argentina No access Hans-Georg Dederer
  4. Hans-Georg Dederer
    1. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. The GMO Definition Problem No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      2. 2. The ‘Unique Identifier’ Problem No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      3. 3. The Detection Problem No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    2. Hans-Georg Dederer
      1. 1. Simplified Procedures No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      2. 2. Simplified Risk Assessment No access Hans-Georg Dederer
      3. 3. Exemptions No access Hans-Georg Dederer
    3. C. A New Regulatory Framework No access Hans-Georg Dederer
  5. V. Final Remarks No access Hans-Georg Dederer
  6. Acknowledgments No access Hans-Georg Dederer
2. Brigitte Voigt
  1. I. Introduction No access Brigitte Voigt
  2. II. The Sovereignty of the Precautionary Principle: Does the Public have a Say about what is Risky? No access Brigitte Voigt
  3. III. Beyond the Precautionary Principle: The Use of the Precautionary Principle as a Pretext for responding to Public Fears No access Brigitte Voigt
  4. IV. Independent from the Precautionary Principle: Better Options for responding to Public Fears No access Brigitte Voigt
  5. Acknowledgements No access Brigitte Voigt
3. Felix Beck
  1. I. Introduction No access Felix Beck
  2. Felix Beck
    1. Felix Beck
      1. Felix Beck
        i) Living Modified Organism No access Felix Beck
        ii) Damage to Biodiversity No access Felix Beck
        iii) Transboundary Movement No access Felix Beck
      2. Felix Beck
        i) Response Measures to Biodiversity Damage No access Felix Beck
        ii) Civil Liability for Material and Personal Injury No access Felix Beck
      3. 3. Discussion No access Felix Beck
    2. Felix Beck
      1. 1. Attribution No access Felix Beck
      2. 2. Breach of an International Obligation No access Felix Beck
      3. 3. Discussion No access Felix Beck
  3. Felix Beck
    1. A. Combining Civil Liability and Administrative Approaches No access Felix Beck
    2. B. Lessons Learned from Treaty-Making on Civil Liability No access Felix Beck
    3. C. The ‘Compact’: Facilitating Social Acceptance via Contractual Liability Schemes No access Felix Beck
  4. IV. Conclusion No access Felix Beck
  5. Acknowledgements No access Felix Beck
4. João Otávio Benevides Demasi
  1. I. Introduction No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
  2. II. The Adjudicative Judicial Policy of the WTO Appellate Body No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
  3. João Otávio Benevides Demasi
    1. A. In the Topology of the WTO Agreements, Cases of the Precautionary Principle arise within the Framework of the SPS Agreement No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
    2. B. The Scrutiny under the Relevant TBT Labelling Trilogy No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
    3. C. The Litigation under Article III:4 of GATT No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
    4. D. The General Exceptions case under Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
  4. IV. Conclusion No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
  5. Acknowledgements No access João Otávio Benevides Demasi
1. Bartosz Bartkowski
  1. I. Introduction No access Bartosz Bartkowski
  2. II. Development and Potential No access Bartosz Bartkowski
  3. III. CRISPR/Cas and the Precautionary Principle: Challenges No access Bartosz Bartkowski
  4. IV. CRISPR/Cas, the Precautionary Principle, and Democracy No access Bartosz Bartkowski
  5. V. Conclusion No access Bartosz Bartkowski
  6. Acknowledgements No access Bartosz Bartkowski
2. Chad M. Baum
  1. I. Introduction No access Chad M. Baum
  2. II. Uncertainty and the Precautionary Principle: Background and Criticism No access Chad M. Baum
  3. III. The Luddites and a More Constructive Precautionary Principle No access Chad M. Baum
  4. Acknowledgements No access Chad M. Baum
3. Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
  1. I. Uncertainty and the Precautionary Principle No access Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
  2. II. What is Synthetic Biology? No access Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
  3. III. Gene Editing and the Limits of Regulation No access Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
  4. IV. New Technologies: Business as Usual rather than Precaution No access Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
  5. V. Beyond Risk: Responsible Research and Innovation No access Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
  6. VI. Precautionary Deliberation: Promises and Pitfalls No access Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
  7. VII. Conclusion No access Alexander Bogner, Helge Torgersen
4. Sebastian Schubert
  1. I. Introduction No access Sebastian Schubert
  2. Sebastian Schubert
    1. A. Historical Background and Goals of the Precautionary Principle No access Sebastian Schubert
    2. B. Application of the Precautionary Principle, followed by Policy Outcomes and Conclusions No access Sebastian Schubert
    3. C. Social, Economic and Value Demands Associated with GMOs No access Sebastian Schubert
  3. III. The Open Access Paradigm: Introducing a New Biotechnology Policy Framework No access Sebastian Schubert
  4. IV. Concluding Remarks No access Sebastian Schubert
5. Anne Friederike Hoffmann
  1. I. Philosophical Origin No access Anne Friederike Hoffmann
  2. II. Ethical Implications: The ‘Heuristics of Fear’ and Caution No access Anne Friederike Hoffmann
  3. III. Theological Outlook: The Protestant Approach to the Ethics of Responsibility and the Dimension of Creation No access Anne Friederike Hoffmann
6. Ksenia Gerasimova
  1. I. The German and British Contexts No access Ksenia Gerasimova
  2. II. Acceptance of the Precautionary Principle No access Ksenia Gerasimova
  3. III. ‘Alternative Science’ Debates No access Ksenia Gerasimova
  4. Ksenia Gerasimova
    1. A. Friends of the Earth No access Ksenia Gerasimova
    2. B. Greenpeace No access Ksenia Gerasimova
    3. C. Danube Soya No access Ksenia Gerasimova
  5. V. Conclusions No access Ksenia Gerasimova
7. Karolina Rucinska
  1. I. Introduction No access Karolina Rucinska
  2. II. Challenges in Public-Science Dialogue No access Karolina Rucinska
  3. III. In Search of a Better Method No access Karolina Rucinska
  4. IV. Hybrid Forum No access Karolina Rucinska
  5. V. EIT as a Hybrid Forum No access Karolina Rucinska
  6. VI. Discussion: Is EIT worth applying? No access Karolina Rucinska
  7. VII. Conclusion No access Karolina Rucinska
1. Participating in the Summer School No access