Genome Editing in Agriculture: Between Precaution and Responsibility

Christian Dürnberger; Sebastian Pfeilmeier; Stephan Schleissing

doi:10.5771/9783845296432

Summary

Neue Pflanzenzüchtungstechnologien wie CRISPR/Cas haben das Potenzial zur Verbesserung der Nachhaltigkeit in der Landwirtschaft. Mit den Techniken des Genome Editing können die Erträge bei gleichzeitig reduziertem Pestizideinsatz gesteigert werden. Auch an der Verbesserung des Nährwerts von Pflanzen wird weltweit geforscht. Ob die neuen Techniken allerdings in Europa zum Einsatz kommen, ist gegenwärtig fraglich. Soll Genome Editing wie die „klassische“ Gentechnik reguliert werden? Und wie kann eine verantwortliche Auslegung des Vorsorgeprinzips beim Einsatz der neuen Technologien aussehen? Die politische Diskussion um die Bewertung der neuen Pflanzenzüchtungstechnologien ist in vollem Gange. Die Beiträge dieses Sammelbands präsentieren rechtliche, soziale und ethische Aspekten zum Thema, die auf einer Summer School des Instituts Technik-Theologie-Naturwissenschaften (TTN) an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München zur Diskussion standen.

Mit Beiträgen von

Stephan Schleissing; Sebastian Pfeilmeier; Christian Dürnberger; Jarst van Belle; Jan Schaart; Robert van Loo; Katharina Unkel; Thorben Sprink; Aurélie Jouanin; Marinus J.M. Smulders; Hans-Georg Dederer; Brigitte Voigt; Felix Beck; João Otávio Benevides Demasi; Bartosz Bartkowski; Chad M. Baum; Alexander Bogner; Helge Torgersen; Sebastian Schubert; Anne Friederike Hoffmann; Ksenia Gerasimova; Karolina Rucinska

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2019
Copyright Year: 2019
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8487-5518-9
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-9643-2
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Series: TTN Studien - Schriften aus dem Institut Technik-Theologie-Naturwissenschaften
Volume: 7
Language: English
Pages: 293
Product Type: Edited Book

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 1 - 8
Genome Editing in Agriculture: Between Precaution and Responsibility. An Introduction No access Pages 9 - 22
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1. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. II. Genome Editing: The Next Step in Plant Breeding No access
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  3. III. Genome Editing in Camelina No access
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  4. IV. The Impact of Different GMO Legislations on Genome Edited Products No access
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  5. V. Discussion No access
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  6. Acknowledgements No access
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2. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. A. Transgenesis: Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants No access
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    2. B. Site-Directed Nucleases as a New Plant Breeding Technique No access
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    3. C. RNA Guided Endonucleases No access
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  3. III. Going well together: Combining NPBTs with Conventional Breeding Techniques No access
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  4. IV. Accelerating the Breeding of Carrots using Uniparental Genome Eliminatian No access
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  5. V. Regulation of NPBTs No access
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  6. VI. Public Condemnation of NPBTs No access
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  7. VII. Conclusion No access
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  8. Acknowledgments No access
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3. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction to Wheat, Gluten, and Coeliac Disease No access
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  2. II. Wheat Breeding for ‘Gluten-Safe’ Varieties No access
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  3. III. CRISPR/Cas9 Modifying Gliadin Genes for ‘Gluten-Safe’ Wheat Grain No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. A. Regulation of Mutated Plants obtained by Mutation Breeding vs NPBT No access
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    2. B. Food Safety, Food Security, Health and Economy related to NPBT Regulation No access
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    3. C. Public Acceptance No access
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    4. D. Policy Making No access
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  5. V. Conclusions and Recommendations regarding NPBT Regulation No access
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  6. Acknowledgements No access
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  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. A. Step-by-Step Concept No access
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    2. B. Sources of Law No access
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    3. C. The Definition of ‘GMO’ No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. Risk Prevention No access
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      2. 2. Risk Control No access
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      3. Authors:
        i) Labeling No access
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        ii) Traceability No access
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        iii) Coexistence No access
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        iv) Compatibility with Other Public Concerns No access
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    5. E. The Adequacy of the GMO Framework for GE Organisms No access
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    1. Authors:
      1. 1. Sources No access
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      2. 2. Applicability No access
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      3. 3. Meaning No access
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      4. 4. Addressees No access
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      5. 5. Precautionary Measures No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Relevance of the Precautionary Principle for the Regulation of GE Organisms No access
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    3. Authors:
      1. 1. The ‘Product versus Process’ Controversy No access
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      2. 2. The ‘Product versus Process’ Controversy Revisited No access
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    4. Authors:
      1. 1. WTO Law No access
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      2. 2. Primary EU Law No access
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      3. 3. Relevance for the Regulation of GE Organisms No access
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    5. E. Normative Values No access
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    6. Authors:
      1. 1. The United States No access
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      2. 2. Canada No access
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      3. 3. Argentina No access
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  4. Authors:
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      1. 1. The GMO Definition Problem No access
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      2. 2. The ‘Unique Identifier’ Problem No access
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      3. 3. The Detection Problem No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Simplified Procedures No access
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      2. 2. Simplified Risk Assessment No access
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      3. 3. Exemptions No access
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    3. C. A New Regulatory Framework No access
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  5. V. Final Remarks No access
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  6. Acknowledgments No access
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2. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. II. The Sovereignty of the Precautionary Principle: Does the Public have a Say about what is Risky? No access
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  3. III. Beyond the Precautionary Principle: The Use of the Precautionary Principle as a Pretext for responding to Public Fears No access
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  4. IV. Independent from the Precautionary Principle: Better Options for responding to Public Fears No access
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  5. Acknowledgements No access
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3. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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      1. Authors:
        i) Living Modified Organism No access
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        ii) Damage to Biodiversity No access
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        iii) Transboundary Movement No access
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      2. Authors:
        i) Response Measures to Biodiversity Damage No access
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        ii) Civil Liability for Material and Personal Injury No access
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      3. 3. Discussion No access
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    2. Authors:
      1. 1. Attribution No access
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      2. 2. Breach of an International Obligation No access
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      3. 3. Discussion No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. A. Combining Civil Liability and Administrative Approaches No access
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    2. B. Lessons Learned from Treaty-Making on Civil Liability No access
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    3. C. The ‘Compact’: Facilitating Social Acceptance via Contractual Liability Schemes No access
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  4. IV. Conclusion No access
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  5. Acknowledgements No access
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4. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. II. The Adjudicative Judicial Policy of the WTO Appellate Body No access
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  3. Authors:
    1. A. In the Topology of the WTO Agreements, Cases of the Precautionary Principle arise within the Framework of the SPS Agreement No access
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    2. B. The Scrutiny under the Relevant TBT Labelling Trilogy No access
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    3. C. The Litigation under Article III:4 of GATT No access
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    4. D. The General Exceptions case under Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 No access
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  4. IV. Conclusion No access
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  5. Acknowledgements No access
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  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. II. Development and Potential No access
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  3. III. CRISPR/Cas and the Precautionary Principle: Challenges No access
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  4. IV. CRISPR/Cas, the Precautionary Principle, and Democracy No access
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  5. V. Conclusion No access
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  6. Acknowledgements No access
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2. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. II. Uncertainty and the Precautionary Principle: Background and Criticism No access
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  3. III. The Luddites and a More Constructive Precautionary Principle No access
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  4. Acknowledgements No access
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3. Authors:
  1. I. Uncertainty and the Precautionary Principle No access
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  2. II. What is Synthetic Biology? No access
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  3. III. Gene Editing and the Limits of Regulation No access
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  4. IV. New Technologies: Business as Usual rather than Precaution No access
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  5. V. Beyond Risk: Responsible Research and Innovation No access
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  6. VI. Precautionary Deliberation: Promises and Pitfalls No access
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  7. VII. Conclusion No access
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4. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. A. Historical Background and Goals of the Precautionary Principle No access
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    2. B. Application of the Precautionary Principle, followed by Policy Outcomes and Conclusions No access
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    3. C. Social, Economic and Value Demands Associated with GMOs No access
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  3. III. The Open Access Paradigm: Introducing a New Biotechnology Policy Framework No access
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  4. IV. Concluding Remarks No access
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5. Authors:
  1. I. Philosophical Origin No access
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  2. II. Ethical Implications: The ‘Heuristics of Fear’ and Caution No access
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  3. III. Theological Outlook: The Protestant Approach to the Ethics of Responsibility and the Dimension of Creation No access
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  1. I. The German and British Contexts No access
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  2. II. Acceptance of the Precautionary Principle No access
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  3. III. ‘Alternative Science’ Debates No access
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  4. Authors:
    1. A. Friends of the Earth No access
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    2. B. Greenpeace No access
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    3. C. Danube Soya No access
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  5. V. Conclusions No access
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7. Authors:
  1. I. Introduction No access
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  2. II. Challenges in Public-Science Dialogue No access
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  3. III. In Search of a Better Method No access
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  4. IV. Hybrid Forum No access
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  5. V. EIT as a Hybrid Forum No access
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  6. VI. Discussion: Is EIT worth applying? No access
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  7. VII. Conclusion No access
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1. Participating in the Summer School No access