The Funding of Party Competition: Political Finance in 25 Democracies

Prof. em. Dr. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

doi:10.5771/9783845216515

Summary

Diese vergleichende Langzeitanalyse enthält alle verfügbaren Informationen zur Finanzierung des politischen Wettbewerbs in modernen Demokratien. Die Monograpfe untersucht:

- die Ausgaben der Parteien

- die Ursachen für hohe und steigende Kosten

- die verschiedenen Einkommensarten der Parteien

- die Wirkungen der Finanzierungspraxis auf Parteiorganisation und Parteiensysteme

Ist Geld für Parteien und Kandidaten im Wettbewerb wichtiger geworden? Haben die neuen und teuren Wahlkampftechnologien sogar eine „Kostenexplosion“ bewirkt? Wer spendet Geld für politische Zwecke und warum? Ist öffentliche Finanzierung von Parteien ein Problem?

Das Ergebnis der Analyse ist sowohl ein wichtiger Beitrag zur wissenschaftlichen Diskussion der Parteiendemokratie als auch zur Transformationsforschung. Die Befunde zu den Wirkungen von bereits erprobten gesetzlichen Regelungen sind für Wissenschaftler und Politiker gleichermaßen interessant.

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, em. Professor für Politikwissenschaft, war von 1994-2004 Vorsitzender des IPSA Research Committee on Political Finance and Political Corruption. Er ist Mitautor von drei Büchern sowie Verfasser von ca. 60 Aufsätzen zur Politikfinanzierung.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2009
Copyright Year: 2009
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8329-4271-7
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-1651-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 467
Product Type: Monograph

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 2 - 14
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List of tables and graphs No access Pages 15 - 16
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List of abbreviations No access Pages 17 - 18
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1. 1. Areas of interest: issues in political finance No access Pages 19 - 26
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  2. Desiderata of political finance research No access Pages 26 - 30
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2. 1. Definition of the subject: political finance No access Pages 30 - 34
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  2. Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding No access Pages 34 - 37
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3. 1. Party spending No access Pages 37 - 40
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  2. Sources of revenue No access Pages 40 - 43
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  3. Impacts of funding No access Pages 43 - 46
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1. 1. National, regional and local tiers (levels of party organisation) No access Pages 47 - 54
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  2. Groups of party activists No access Pages 54 - 56
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  3. Authors:
    1. Intra-party organisations No access
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    2. Party institutes No access
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  4. Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) No access Pages 58 - 60
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2. 1. Authors:
    1. Wages and salaries No access
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    2. Professional fees No access
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  2. Offices (rent of premises etc.) No access Pages 64 - 66
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  3. Communication No access Pages 66 - 68
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  4. Publicity No access Pages 68 - 71
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  5. Authors:
    1. Polling/ research, interest and fundraising No access
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    2. Peculiar types of cost No access
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    3. Residual costs No access
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3. 1. Election campaigns (campaign spending) No access Pages 73 - 79
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  2. Organisation maintenance No access Pages 79 - 84
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  3. Policy development (research and training) No access Pages 84 - 86
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1. 1. Costs of the biggest democracies: USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico No access Pages 87 - 96
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  2. Costs of major democracies: Italy, Britain, France, Spain, Poland No access Pages 96 - 101
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  3. Costs of medium sized democracies: Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden No access Pages 101 - 105
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  4. Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland No access Pages 105 - 109
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2. Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performance No access Pages 109 - 115
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3. Comparison of spending levels No access Pages 115 - 120
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1. 1. Authors:
    1. Economic development No access
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    2. Democratic tradition No access
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  2. Size of the electorate (economies of scale) No access Pages 124 - 128
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  3. Authors:
    1. Plural societies and federal systems No access
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    2. Competitive vs. consociational decision-making No access
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    3. Anglo-Saxon vs. other traditions of polities No access
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2. 1. Capital-intensive campaigning vs. labour-intensive party apparatus No access Pages 132 - 135
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  2. Authors:
    1. Ideological warfare No access
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    2. One-party dominance No access
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    3. Intra-party competition (individual candidates, factions and primaries) No access
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3. 1. Authors:
    1. Unrestrained political graft (corruption) No access
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    2. Generous public subsidies No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Share of government expenditure No access
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    2. State regulation of the economy No access
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4. Interaction of causal factors No access Pages 149 - 154
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1. 1. Authors:
    1. Growth of electorate No access
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    2. Impact of inflation No access
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  2. More comprehensive data No access Pages 162 - 164
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  3. Authors:
    1. Parliamentary election cycle No access
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    2. Other competitive factors No access
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2. 1. Paid TV advertising No access Pages 167 - 172
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  2. New technology No access Pages 172 - 177
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  3. Professional politics No access Pages 177 - 183
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3. Cost push or demand pull? No access Pages 183 - 192
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1. Cornerstone of democracy or demand from never-land? No access Pages 193 - 199
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2. 1. Authors:
    1. Number of party members (including member-to-voter ratio and trends) No access
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    2. Average contribution per party member No access
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    3. Revenue from membership dues (by party families and by countries) No access
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  2. Small donations No access Pages 215 - 222
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  3. Fundraising events (social activities) No access Pages 222 - 224
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3. 1. Energising fundraisers (matching funds) No access Pages 224 - 225
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  2. Stimulating contributors (tax add-on, tax deduction, and tax credit) No access Pages 225 - 230
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4. 1. Association quotas No access Pages 230 - 233
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  2. Equalisation transfers No access Pages 233 - 234
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  3. Revenue sharing No access Pages 234 - 238
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1. Moral hazard of democracy? No access Pages 239 - 244
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2. 1. Authors:
    1. Collective membership (affiliation fees) No access
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    2. Conveyer organisations No access
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    3. Political action committees (PACs) No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Fat cat contributions (without or with strings attached) No access
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    2. Buying honours and offices No access
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    3. Paying for campaigns from personal wealth No access
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  3. Corporate contributions (money from the business community) No access Pages 260 - 269
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  4. Authors:
    1. Bans No access
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    2. Contribution limits No access
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    3. Disclosure of donors’ identity No access
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  5. Income from foreign funds No access Pages 272 - 274
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3. Returns on investment: dividends and interest (parties as entrepreneurs) No access Pages 274 - 276
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4. 1. Abuse of public resources No access Pages 276 - 279
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  2. Graft from business sources No access Pages 279 - 284
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  3. Assessment of party/ political officeholders (graft from public office) No access Pages 284 - 288
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1. 1. Developing a case for public funding No access Pages 289 - 292
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  2. Problems of public funding No access Pages 292 - 294
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  3. Means to increase the legitimacy of public subsidies No access Pages 294 - 296
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2. 1. Authors:
    1. Access to media No access
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    2. Other support options No access
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  2. Reimbursement of costs incurred No access Pages 300 - 300
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  3. Earmarked funds No access Pages 300 - 302
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  4. General grants No access Pages 302 - 303
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3. 1. Candidates (for parliament or the presidency) No access Pages 303 - 304
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  2. Party organisations No access Pages 304 - 306
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  3. Party caucuses (parliamentary groups) No access Pages 306 - 308
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  4. Organisations of the party penumbra No access Pages 308 - 310
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4. 1. Authors:
    1. Minimum of votes polled No access
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    2. Minimum of seats held No access
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    3. Other options (fixed amount, successful fundraising) No access
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  2. Authors:
    1. Allocation of matching funds No access
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    2. Distribution by party size (number of seats held or votes polled) No access
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    3. Distribution of base amounts No access
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5. 1. Contribution to party revenue (Income situation of parties) No access Pages 317 - 322
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  2. Level of the taxpayers’ contribution No access Pages 322 - 324
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6. 1. Influence of party competition on funding rules No access Pages 324 - 326
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  2. Authors:
    1. Level of public funding in consensus democracies No access
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    2. Level of public subsidies in majoritarian democracies No access
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    3. Countries, which do not fit (either the categories or the hypothesis) No access
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  3. Public funding in (comparative) perspective: parties and other organisations No access Pages 332 - 334
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1. 1. (Campaign) Spending by individual candidates No access Pages 335 - 341
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  2. Skewed competition between individual parties No access Pages 341 - 346
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2. 1. Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? No access Pages 346 - 352
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  2. Room for changing weight of individual parties: Freezing of the party system? No access Pages 352 - 356
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  3. Changing roles of political parties: Arrested distribution of power? No access Pages 356 - 360
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3. Summary of findings for party competition No access Pages 360 - 362
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1. 1. Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small donations No access Pages 363 - 370
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  2. Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings No access Pages 370 - 372
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  3. Measurement of and incentives for grass-roots linkage No access Pages 372 - 374
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2. 1. Parties and their candidates No access Pages 374 - 378
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  2. Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) No access Pages 378 - 387
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  3. Party organisation and party penumbra No access Pages 387 - 389
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3. Summary of findings for party organisation No access Pages 389 - 392
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1. 1. Spending/ expenses No access Pages 393 - 393
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  2. Revenue/ income No access Pages 393 - 397
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  3. Impacts of political funding No access Pages 397 - 398
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2. 1. Catch-all parties No access Pages 398 - 402
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  2. Cartel parties No access Pages 402 - 406
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Bibliography No access Pages 407 - 450
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Index No access Pages 451 - 467
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