The Funding of Party Competition: Political Finance in 25 Democracies

Prof. em. Dr. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher

doi:10.5771/9783845216515

Summary

Diese vergleichende Langzeitanalyse enthält alle verfügbaren Informationen zur Finanzierung des politischen Wettbewerbs in modernen Demokratien. Die Monograpfe untersucht:

- die Ausgaben der Parteien

- die Ursachen für hohe und steigende Kosten

- die verschiedenen Einkommensarten der Parteien

- die Wirkungen der Finanzierungspraxis auf Parteiorganisation und Parteiensysteme

Ist Geld für Parteien und Kandidaten im Wettbewerb wichtiger geworden? Haben die neuen und teuren Wahlkampftechnologien sogar eine „Kostenexplosion“ bewirkt? Wer spendet Geld für politische Zwecke und warum? Ist öffentliche Finanzierung von Parteien ein Problem?

Das Ergebnis der Analyse ist sowohl ein wichtiger Beitrag zur wissenschaftlichen Diskussion der Parteiendemokratie als auch zur Transformationsforschung. Die Befunde zu den Wirkungen von bereits erprobten gesetzlichen Regelungen sind für Wissenschaftler und Politiker gleichermaßen interessant.

Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, em. Professor für Politikwissenschaft, war von 1994-2004 Vorsitzender des IPSA Research Committee on Political Finance and Political Corruption. Er ist Mitautor von drei Büchern sowie Verfasser von ca. 60 Aufsätzen zur Politikfinanzierung.

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Bibliographic data

Edition: 1/2009
Copyright year: 2009
ISBN-Print: 978-3-8329-4271-7
ISBN-Online: 978-3-8452-1651-5
Publisher: Nomos, Baden-Baden
Language: English
Pages: 467
Product type: Book Titles

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis No access Pages 2 - 14 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
List of tables and graphs No access Pages 15 - 16 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
List of abbreviations No access Pages 17 - 18 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. Areas of interest: issues in political finance No access Pages 19 - 26 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Desiderata of political finance research No access Pages 26 - 30 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Definition of the subject: political finance No access Pages 30 - 34 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Demarcation of the subject of this study: party funding No access Pages 34 - 37 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. 1. Party spending No access Pages 37 - 40 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Sources of revenue No access Pages 40 - 43 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Impacts of funding No access Pages 43 - 46 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. National, regional and local tiers (levels of party organisation) No access Pages 47 - 54 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Groups of party activists No access Pages 54 - 56 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Intra-party organisations No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Party institutes No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  4. Parliamentary party groups (caucuses) No access Pages 58 - 60 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Wages and salaries No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Professional fees No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Offices (rent of premises etc.) No access Pages 64 - 66 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Communication No access Pages 66 - 68 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  4. Publicity No access Pages 68 - 71 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  5. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Polling/ research, interest and fundraising No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Peculiar types of cost No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Residual costs No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. 1. Election campaigns (campaign spending) No access Pages 73 - 79 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Organisation maintenance No access Pages 79 - 84 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Policy development (research and training) No access Pages 84 - 86 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. Costs of the biggest democracies: USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico No access Pages 87 - 96 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Costs of major democracies: Italy, Britain, France, Spain, Poland No access Pages 96 - 101 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Costs of medium sized democracies: Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Sweden No access Pages 101 - 105 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  4. Costs of small democracies: Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Denmark, Ireland No access Pages 105 - 109 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. Adjustment for election cycle, country size and economic performance No access Pages 109 - 115 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. Comparison of spending levels No access Pages 115 - 120 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Economic development No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Democratic tradition No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Size of the electorate (economies of scale) No access Pages 124 - 128 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Plural societies and federal systems No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Competitive vs. consociational decision-making No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Anglo-Saxon vs. other traditions of polities No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Capital-intensive campaigning vs. labour-intensive party apparatus No access Pages 132 - 135 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Ideological warfare No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. One-party dominance No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Intra-party competition (individual candidates, factions and primaries) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Unrestrained political graft (corruption) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Generous public subsidies No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Share of government expenditure No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. State regulation of the economy No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
4. Interaction of causal factors No access Pages 149 - 154 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Growth of electorate No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Impact of inflation No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. More comprehensive data No access Pages 162 - 164 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Parliamentary election cycle No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Other competitive factors No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Paid TV advertising No access Pages 167 - 172 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. New technology No access Pages 172 - 177 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Professional politics No access Pages 177 - 183 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. Cost push or demand pull? No access Pages 183 - 192 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. Cornerstone of democracy or demand from never-land? No access Pages 193 - 199 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Number of party members (including member-to-voter ratio and trends) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Average contribution per party member No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Revenue from membership dues (by party families and by countries) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Small donations No access Pages 215 - 222 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Fundraising events (social activities) No access Pages 222 - 224 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. 1. Energising fundraisers (matching funds) No access Pages 224 - 225 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Stimulating contributors (tax add-on, tax deduction, and tax credit) No access Pages 225 - 230 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
4. 1. Association quotas No access Pages 230 - 233 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Equalisation transfers No access Pages 233 - 234 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Revenue sharing No access Pages 234 - 238 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. Moral hazard of democracy? No access Pages 239 - 244 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Collective membership (affiliation fees) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Conveyer organisations No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Political action committees (PACs) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Fat cat contributions (without or with strings attached) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Buying honours and offices No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Paying for campaigns from personal wealth No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Corporate contributions (money from the business community) No access Pages 260 - 269 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  4. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Bans No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Contribution limits No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Disclosure of donors’ identity No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  5. Income from foreign funds No access Pages 272 - 274 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. Returns on investment: dividends and interest (parties as entrepreneurs) No access Pages 274 - 276 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
4. 1. Abuse of public resources No access Pages 276 - 279 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Graft from business sources No access Pages 279 - 284 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Assessment of party/ political officeholders (graft from public office) No access Pages 284 - 288 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. Developing a case for public funding No access Pages 289 - 292 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Problems of public funding No access Pages 292 - 294 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Means to increase the legitimacy of public subsidies No access Pages 294 - 296 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Access to media No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Other support options No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Reimbursement of costs incurred No access Pages 300 - 300 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Earmarked funds No access Pages 300 - 302 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  4. General grants No access Pages 302 - 303 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. 1. Candidates (for parliament or the presidency) No access Pages 303 - 304 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Party organisations No access Pages 304 - 306 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Party caucuses (parliamentary groups) No access Pages 306 - 308 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  4. Organisations of the party penumbra No access Pages 308 - 310 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
4. 1. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Minimum of votes polled No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Minimum of seats held No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Other options (fixed amount, successful fundraising) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Allocation of matching funds No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Distribution by party size (number of seats held or votes polled) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Distribution of base amounts No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
5. 1. Contribution to party revenue (Income situation of parties) No access Pages 317 - 322 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Level of the taxpayers’ contribution No access Pages 322 - 324 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
6. 1. Influence of party competition on funding rules No access Pages 324 - 326 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    1. Level of public funding in consensus democracies No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    2. Level of public subsidies in majoritarian democracies No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
    3. Countries, which do not fit (either the categories or the hypothesis) No access Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Public funding in (comparative) perspective: parties and other organisations No access Pages 332 - 334 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. (Campaign) Spending by individual candidates No access Pages 335 - 341 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Skewed competition between individual parties No access Pages 341 - 346 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Access for new parties: Openness of the party system? No access Pages 346 - 352 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Room for changing weight of individual parties: Freezing of the party system? No access Pages 352 - 356 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Changing roles of political parties: Arrested distribution of power? No access Pages 356 - 360 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. Summary of findings for party competition No access Pages 360 - 362 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. Changes of grass-roots linkage via membership dues and small donations No access Pages 363 - 370 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Approaching members and supporters by direct mailings No access Pages 370 - 372 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Measurement of and incentives for grass-roots linkage No access Pages 372 - 374 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Parties and their candidates No access Pages 374 - 378 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Different levels of the party organisation (headquarters, branches and chapters) No access Pages 378 - 387 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Party organisation and party penumbra No access Pages 387 - 389 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
3. Summary of findings for party organisation No access Pages 389 - 392 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
1. 1. Spending/ expenses No access Pages 393 - 393 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Revenue/ income No access Pages 393 - 397 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  3. Impacts of political funding No access Pages 397 - 398 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
2. 1. Catch-all parties No access Pages 398 - 402 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
  2. Cartel parties No access Pages 402 - 406 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
Bibliography No access Pages 407 - 450 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher
Index No access Pages 451 - 467 Karl-Heinz Nassmacher