Sense of deservingness: What are the entitlement beliefs of students in their anticipatory psychological contract?

Table of contents

Bibliographic information


Cover of Volume: mrev management revue Volume 24 (2013), Edition 4
Open Access Full access

mrev management revue

Volume 24 (2013), Edition 4


Authors:
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Copyright year
2013
ISSN-Online
1861-9908
ISSN-Print
0935-9915

Chapter information


Open Access Full access

Volume 24 (2013), Edition 4

Sense of deservingness: What are the entitlement beliefs of students in their anticipatory psychological contract?


Authors:
ISSN-Print
0935-9915
ISSN-Online
1861-9908


Preview:

Without taking the entitlement beliefs and reasons therefore into account when examining the psychological contract of an individual, a full view on the psychological contract and its expected consequences cannot be achieved. Therefore the purpose of the paper was to explore and substantiate themes associated with perceived entitlements and utilise this information to develop a structural model of the anticipatory psychological contract. The findings suggest that there are certain factors that determine an individual’s entitlement beliefs, and in turn that individual’s entitlement beliefs will influence the level of expectation of that individual regarding future employment. By fully comprehending the effects of the entitlement beliefs on the anticipatory psychological contract of prospective employees the organisation may minimise the occurrence of psychological breach or violation, which may decrease new employee turnover.

Bibliography


  1. Agle, B. R., Nagarajan, N. J., Sonnenfeld, J. A., & Srinivasan D. (2006). Does CEO charisma matter? An empirical analysis of the relationship among organizational, performance, environmental uncertainty, and top management team perceptions of CEO charisma. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 161-174. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  2. Ahimud, A., & Lev, B. (1981). Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers. Bell Journal of Economic, 12, 605-617. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  3. Álvarez, D., & Neira, E. (2005). Stock option plans for CEO compensation. Corporate Ownership & Control, 3(1), 88-100. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  4. Álvarez, D., & Neira, E. (2007). CEO power and CEO stock options design. The Irish Journal of Management, 27(2), 1-24. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  5. Beatty, R. P., & Zajac, E. J. (1994). Managerial incentives, monitoring, and risk bearing: A study of executive compensation, ownership, and board structure in initial public offerings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 313-35. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  6. Bebchuk, L. A., Fried, J. M., & Walker, D. I. (2002). Managerial power and executive compensation. The University of Chicago Law Review, 69, 751-85. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  7. Bebchuk, L., & Fried, J. (2004). Pay without performance. The unfulfilled promise of executive compensation. Harvard University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  8. Boyd, B. K. (1994). Board control and CEO compensation. Strategic Management Journal, 15(5), 335- 44. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  9. Brades, P., Dharwadkar, R., & Das, D. (2005). Understanding the rise and fall of stock options compensation: Taking principal-agents conflicts to the institutional (battle) field. Human Resource Management Review, 15, 97-118. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  10. Bryan, S., Hwang, L., & Lilien, S. (2000). CEO stock-based compensation: An empirical analysis of incentive-intensity, relative mix, and economic determinants. The Journal of Business, 73(4), 661-93. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  11. Buchman, S. (1991). Choosing appropriate performance measures. In F. K. Foulkes (ed.), Executive Compensation. A Strategic Guide for the 1990s. Harvard Business School Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  12. Collins, D. W., Gong, G, & Li, H. (2010). Corporate governance and backdating of executive stock options. Contemporary Accounting Research, 26(2), 403-445. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  13. Conyon, M. J., & Peck, S .I. (1998). Board control, remuneration committees, and top management compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 41(2), 146-57. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  14. Conyon, M. J., & Schwalbach, J. (2000). Executive compensation. Evidence from the UK and Germany. Long Range Planning, 33, 504-26. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  15. Crawford, A. J., Ezzell, J. R., & Miles, J. A. (1995). Bank CEO pay-performance relations and the effects of deregulation. The Journal of Business, 68(2), 231-56. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  16. Crespí-Cladera, R., & García-Cestona, M. (2001). Ownership and control of Spanish listed firms. In F. Barca, & M. Becht (ed.), The control of corporate Europe (pp. 207-227). Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  17. Cuervo, A. (2002). Corporate governance mechanisms: A plea for less code of good governance and more market control. Corporate Governance. An International Review, 10(2), 84-94. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  18. Cyert, R. M., Kang, S., & Kumar, P. (2002). Corporate governance, takeovers, and top-management compensation: Theory and evidence, Management Science, 48(4), 453-469. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  19. De Miguel, A., Pindado, J., & De La Torre, C. (2004). Ownership structure and firm value: New evidence from Spain. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1199-1207. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  20. Demsetz, H. (1983). The structure of ownership and the theory of the firm. Journal of Law & Economics, 26, 375-90. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  21. Devers, C. E., McNamara G., Wiseman, R. M., & Arrfelt, M. (2008). Moving closers to the action: Examining compensation design effects on firm risk. Organization Science, 19(4), 548-566. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  22. Deyà, B. (2004). Análisis de los efectos de los planes de opciones sobre acciones (POA) en el marco del behavioral agency model (BAM). Estudios Financieros, 3, 257-258 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  23. Fiss, P. (2006). Social influence effects and managerial compensation evidence from Germany. Strategic Management Journal, 27, 1013-1031. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  24. Festing, M., & Sahakiants, I. (2011). Determinants of share-based compensation plans in Central and Eastern European public companies: An institutional analysis. Journal for East European Management Studies, 16(4), 338-357. DOI: 10.1688/1862-0019_JEEMS_2011_04_Festing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  25. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Tosi, H., & Hinkin, T. (1987). Managerial control, performance and executive compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 3, 51-70. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  26. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Balkin, D. B (1992). Determinants of faculty pay: An agency theory. Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 921-955. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  27. Hall, B. J. (2000). What you need to know about stock options. Harvard Business Review, 78(3), 121-30. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  28. Hall, B. J., & Murphy, K. J. (2000). Optimal exercise prices for executive stock options. The American Economic Review, 90, 209-211. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  29. Hall, B. J., & Murphy, K. J. (2002). Stock options for undiversified executives. Journal of Accounting Economics, 33(3), 13-15. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  30. Healy, P. (1985). The effects of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 7(1), 85-107. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  31. Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A., & Hill, C. W. L. (1993). Managerial incentives and investment in R & D in large multiproduct firms. Organization Science, 4(2), 325-41. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  32. Hunt, H. G. (1996). The separation of corporate ownership and control. Theory, evidence and implications. Journal of Accounting Literature, 5, 85-124. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  33. Jensen, M., & Merckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-350. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  34. Johnson, A. (1999). Should option reward absolute or relative shareholder returns? Compensation & Benefits Review, 31(1), 38-43. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  35. Johnson, S. A., & Tian, Y. S. (2000). The value and incentive effects of non-traditional executive stock option plans. Journal of Financial Economics, 57, 3-34. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  36. Kang, J., & Shivdasani, A. (1995). Firm performance, corporate governance and executive turnover in Japan. Journal of Financial Economics, 38, 29-58. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  37. Kato, H. K., Lemmon, M., Luo, M., & Schallheim, J. (2005). An empirical examination of the costs and benefits of executive stock option: Evidence from Japan. Journal of Financial Economics, 78, 435-461. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  38. Keck, S. L., & Tushman, M. L. (1993). Environmental and organizational context and executive team structure. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1314-44. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  39. Kerr, J., & Bettis, R. A. (1987). Boards of directors, top management compensation, and shareholders returns. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 745-64. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  40. Kostova, T. (1997). Country institutional profiles: Concept and measurement. Academy of Management. Best Papers Proceedings, 1, 180-189. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  41. Kren, L., & Kerr, J. L. (1993). The effect of behaviour monitoring and uncertainty on the use of performance contingent compensation. Accounting and Business Research, 23, 159-68. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  42. Kroll, M., Simmons, S. A., & Wright, P. (1990). Determinants of chief executive officer compensation following major acquisitions. Journal of Business Research, 20, 349-366. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  43. La Porta, R., López de Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (1999). Corporate ownership around the world. Journal of Finance, 54, 471-517. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  44. Lambert, R. A., & Lacker, D. F. (1991). Executive compensation, corporate decision making and shareholder wealth: A review of the evidence. In Fred K. Foulkes (ed.), Executive compensation. A strategic guide for the 1990s (pp. 69-82). Harvard Business School Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  45. Lambert, R. A., Larcker, D. F., & Verrechia, R. E. (1991). Portfolio considerations in valuing executive compensation. Journal of Accounting Research, 29, 129-49. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  46. Levinshon, A. (2001). ”A garden of stock options helps harvest talent”. Strategic Finance, 82(8), 30-38. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  47. Martin, G. P., Gomez-Mejía, L. R., & Wiseman, R. (2013). Executive stock options as mixed gambles: Revisiting the behavioral agency model. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 451-470. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  48. McCall, J. J. (2004). Assessing American executive compensation: A cautionary tale for Europeans. Business Ethics. A European Review, 13(4), 243-254. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  49. Mcguire J., & Matta, E. (2003). CEO stock options. The silent dimensions of ownership. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2), 255-265. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  50. Mehran, H. (1995). Executive compensation structure, ownership, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 38, 163-84. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  51. Murphy, K. (1985). Corporate performance and managerial remuneration: An empirical analysis. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 7, 11-42. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  52. Murphy, K. J. (2002). Explaining executive compensation: Managerial power versus the perceived cost of stock options. The University of Chicago Law Review, 69(3), 847-69. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  53. Ofek, E., & Yermarck, D. (2000). Taking stock: Equity-based compensation and evolution of managerial ownership. Journal of Finance, 55, 1367-84. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  54. Rajagopalan, N., & Finkelstein, S. (1992). Effects of strategic orientation and environmental change on senior management reward systems. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 127-42. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  55. Rutherford, M. A., Buchholyz, A. K., & Brown, J. A. (2007). Examining the relationships between monitoring and incentives in corporate governance. Journal of Management Studies, 44(3), 414-30. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  56. Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1980). Effects of ownership and performance on executive tenure in US corporations. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 653-664. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  57. Sanchez-Marín, G. & Aragon. A. (2009). La retribución de altos directivos españoles. Consejeros, 35, 10-12 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  58. Sanders, W. G., & Tuschke, A. (2007). The adoption of institutionally contested organizational practices: The emergence of stock option pay in Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 33-56. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  59. Stroh, L K., Brett, J. M., Bauman, J. P., & Reilly, A. H. (1996). Agency theory and variable compensation strategies. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 751-767. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  60. Tosi, H., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1989). The decoupling of CEO pay and performance: An agency theory perspective. Administrative Science Quartely, 34(2), 169-190. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  61. Towers Perrin (2005). Equity Incentives Around the World. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  62. Towers Perrin (2011). Estudio de Retribución Nacional 2011. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  63. Watson Wyatt (2007). Estudio general de remuneraciones 2006. www.watsonwyatt.com Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  64. Wiseman, R. M. & Bromiley, P. (1996). Toward a model of risk in declining organizations: An empirical examination of risk, performance and decline. Organization Science, 7(5), 524-543. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  65. Wiseman, R. M., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1998). A behavioral agency model of managerial risk taking. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 133-153 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  66. Yermack, D. (1995). Do corporations award CEO stock options effectively? Journal of Financial Economics, 39, 237-269. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  67. Zattoni, A. (2007). Stock incentive plans in Europe: Empirical evidence and design implications. Corporate Ownership & Control, 4(2), 56-64. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  68. Zattoni, A., & Minichilli, A. (2009). The diffusion of equity incentive plans in Italian listed companies: What is the trigger? Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17(2), 224-237. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  69. Zheng, L. & Zhou, X. (2012). Executive stock options and manipulated stock-price performance. International Review Finance, 12(3), 249-285. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-249
  70. Allers, K. L. (2005). Where there’s a will, there’s a fray. Fortune, 152(8). Retrieved from Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  71. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/ Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  72. Barker, F. (2007). South African labour market: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik publishers. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  73. Boyd, H. C., & Helms, J. E. (2005). Consumer entitlement theory and research. Psychology and Marketing, 22, 271-286. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  74. Branson, N., Leibbrandt, M., & Zuze, T. L. (2009). The demand for tertiary education in South Africa. South African Labour and Development Research Unit, 1-68. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  75. Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  76. Coetzee, M., & Schreuder, D. (2010). Personnel psychology: An applied perspective. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, Southern Africa. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  77. De Vos, A., De Stobbeleir, K., & Meganck, A. (2009). The relationship between career-related antecedents and graduates’ anticipatory psychological contract. Journal of Business Psychology, 24, 289-298. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  78. Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too proud to let go: Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894-912. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  79. Fisk, G. M. (2010). “I want it all and I want it now!” An examination of the etiology, expression, and escalation of excessive employee entitlement. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 102-114. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  80. Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (2008). How to measure the psychological contract? A critical criteria-based review of measures. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 269-286. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  81. Greenberger, E., Lessard, J., Chen, C., & Farruggia, S. P. (2008). Self-entitled college students: Contributions of personality, parenting, and motivational factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 1193-1204. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  82. Grobler, P. A., Wärnich, S., Carrell, M. R., Elbert, N. F., & Hatfield, R. D. (2006). Human resource management in South Africa (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  83. Harvey, P., & Harris, K. J. (2010). Frustration-Based outcomes of entitlement and the influence of supervisor communication. Human Relations, 63(11), 1639-1660. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  84. Harvey, P., & Martinko, M. J. (2009). An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(4), 459-476. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  85. Heath, C., Knez, M., & Camerer, C. (1993). The strategic management of the entitlement process in the employment relationship. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 75-93. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  86. Hellgren, J. (2003). The times they are a-changin’: Job uncertainty and the flexible labor market. Edsbruk, Sweden: Akademitryck. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  87. Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (2006). The spirit of despotism: Understanding the tyrant within. Human Relations, 59(2), 195-220. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  88. Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2008). Organizational behavior (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  89. Levine, D. P. (2005). The corrupt organization. Human Relations, 58(6), 723-740. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  90. Levinson, H., Price, C., Munden, K., Mandl, H., & Solley, C. (1962). Men, management and mental health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  91. Linde, B, J. (2007). Employment relations, the psychological contract and work wellness in the higher education sector in South Africa. Ridderkerk, the Netherlands: Ridderprint B.V. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  92. Mohr, P., & Fourie, L. (2006). Ekonomie vir Suid-Afrikaanse studente [Economics for South-African students] (3rd ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: Van Schaik publishers. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  93. Morrison, E., & Robinson, S. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violations develop. Academy of Management Review, 22, 226-256. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  94. Naumann, S. E., Minsky, B. D., & Sturman, M. C. (2002). The use of the concept “entitlement” in management literature: A historical review, synthesis, and discussion of compensation policy implications. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 145-166. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  95. Newell, S. (2002). Creating the healthy organization: Well-being, diversity & ethics at work. London: Thomson Learning. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  96. Ochse, C. (2005). Race differences in academic expectations and perceptions of ability in relation to actual achievement. South African Journal of Higher Education, 19(2), 334-344. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  97. Oxford Dictionary. (2010). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary: International student’s edition. (7th ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  98. Paul, R. J., Niehoff, B. P., & Turnley, W. H. (2000). Empowerment, expectations, and the psychological contract - managing the dilemmas and gaining the advantages. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29, 471-485. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  99. Pop, C., & Barkhuizen, N. (2010). The relationship between skills training and retention of graduate interns in a South African information, communication and technology company. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal, 1(2), 1-9. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  100. Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., & Tang, R. L. (2006). Effects of psychological contract breach on performance of IT employees: The mediating role of affective commitment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 299-306. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  101. Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the psychological contract: not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 245-259. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  102. Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 121-139. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  103. Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  104. Rousseau, D. M. (1998). The “problem” of the psychological contract considered. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 665-671. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  105. Rousseau, D. M. (2001). Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 511-541. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  106. SAGRA. (2011). The SAGRA graduate recruitment survey 2011. Retrieved from http://www.sagra.org.za/ Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  107. Schwartz, J., Tylka, T. (2008). Exploring entitlement as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and men’s body esteem. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9(2), 67-81. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  108. Scott, L .W., Eau, C., & Jill, K. (2001). Psychological contracts in the 21st century: What employees value most and how well organizations are responding to these expectations. Human Resource Planning, 24, 10-21. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  109. Snyders, F. J. A. (2002). The dangers of entitlement. Unisa Psychologia, 28, 21-23. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  110. South Africa. (1998). Skills Development Act, no 97 of 1998. Government Printer: Pretoria. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  111. South Africa. (1999). Skills Development Levies Act, no 9 of 1999. Government Printer: Pretoria. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  112. Statistics South Africa. (2010). Monthly Earnings of South Africans 2010. Retrieved from Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  113. http://www.statssa.gov.za/ Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  114. Sutton, G., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Integrating expectations, experiences and psychological contract violations: A longitudinal study of new professionals. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 493-514. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  115. Trochim, W. M. K., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). The research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, Atomic Dog. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  116. Turnley, W. H., Bolino, M. C., Lester, S. W., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2003). The impact of psychological contract fulfilment on the performance of in-role and organizational citizenship behaviours. Journal of Management, 29(2), 187-206. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  117. Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1999). A discrepancy model of psychological contract violations. Human Resource Management Review, 9, 367-386. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  118. Twenga, M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009). The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement. New York, NY: Free Press, Simon & Schuster Inc. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  119. Tyre, P., Scelfo, J., & Kantrowitz, B. (2004). The power of no. Newsweek, 144(11), 42-51. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  120. VandenBos, R. (2006). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  121. Van den Heuvel, S., & Schalk, R. (2009). The relationship between fulfilment of the psychological contract and resistance to change during organizational transformations. Social Science Information, 48(2), 283-313. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  122. Venter, R. (2006). Labour relations in South Africa (Rev. ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-269
  123. Agle, B. R., & Caldwell, C. B. (1999). Understanding research on values in business. A level of analysis Framework. Business and Society, 38(3), 326-387. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  124. Albert, S., & Whetten, D. A. (1985). Organizational identity. In Cummings, L. L. & Staw, M. M. (eds.), Research in organizational behaviour (pp. 263-295). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  125. Albert, S., Ashforth, B., & Dutton, J. (2000). Special topic forum on organizational identity and identification. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 13-152. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  126. Ashforth, B., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  127. Becvar, D. S., & Becvar, R. J. (2006). Family therapy: A systemic integration. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  128. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (2000). Die gesellschaftliche Konstruktion der Wirklichkeit. Eine Theorie der Wissenssoziologie. 17th ed. Fischer: Frankfurt. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  129. Berkel, K. (2005). Wertkonflikte als Drama – Reflexion statt Training, Wirtschaftspsychologie. Themenheft Konfliktprozesse in der betrieblichen Lebenswelt – Theorie, Konzepte, Pragmatik, 4(1), 2-8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  130. Boness, C. M. (2002). Kritische Situationen in Begegnungen zwischen Tansaniern und Europäern. Eine Felduntersuchung im secondary school system Tansanias. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  131. Bornman, E. (2003). Struggles of identity in the age of globalization. Communication – South African Journal of Communication Research (1&2), 24-27. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  132. Booysen, L. (2007). Societal power shifts and changing social identities in South Africa: Workplace implications. Southern African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 10(1), 1-20. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  133. Booysen, L., & Nkomo, S. (2007). The tea incident case study: Lessons in social identity tensions, diversity and social identity conflict management. The International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, 7(5), 97-106. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  134. Brown, A. (2001). Organization studies and identity: Towards a research agenda. Human Relations, 54(1), 113-121. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  135. Burton, J. W. (1990). Conflict: Human needs theory. London: Macmillian. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  136. Chatman J. A. (1991). Matching people and organizations: selections and socialization in public accounting firms. Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 36(3), 459-484. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  137. Cilliers, F., & May, M. (2002). South African diversity dynamics: Reporting on the 2000 Robben Island diversity experience. A group relations event. South African Journal of Labour Relations, 26(3), 42-68. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  138. Collins, J., & Porras, J. (1996). Built to last. Chatham: Random House. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  139. Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2003). Business Research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillian. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  140. Dickerson, V. C., & Zimmerman, J. L. (1996). Myths, misconceptions, and a word or two about politics. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 15(1), 79-88. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  141. Dutton, J., Dukerich, J., & Harquail, C. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 239-263. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  142. Gandal, N., Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2005). Personal value priorities of economists. Human Relations, 58(10), 1227-1252. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  143. Gioia, D., Schultz, M., & Corley, K. (2002). On celebrating the organization identity metaphor: A rejoinder to Cornelissen. British Journal of Management, 13, 269-275. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  144. Gioia, D. A., & Thomas, J. B. (1996). Identity, image and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 370-403. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  145. Glynn, M. (2000). When cymbals become symbols: Conflict over organizational identity within a symphony orchestra. Organization science, 11(3), 285-298. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  146. Gummesson, D. E. (2000). Qualitative methods in management research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  147. Habermas, J. (1999). Theorie des Kommunikativen Handelns. 3rd ed. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  148. Hart, G. P. (2002). Disabling globalization: Places of power in post-apartheid South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  149. Hatch, M., & Schulz, M. (2002). The dynamics of organizational identity. Human Relations, 55(8), 989-1018. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  150. Hofstede, G. (1998). Attitudes, values and organizational culture: disentangling the concepts. Organization Studies, 19(3), 477-92. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  151. Humphreys, M., & Brown, A. (2002). Narratives of organizational identity and identification: A case study of hegemony and resistance. Organization Studies, 23, 421-427. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  152. Keupp, H. (1988). Auf dem Weg zur Patchwork-Identität. Verhaltenstherapie and Psychosoziale Praxis. Mitteilungen der dgvt, 4(88), 425-438. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  153. Keupp, H. (1994). Ambivalenzen postmoderner Identität. In Beck, U. & Beck-Gersheim, E. (eds.), Riskante Freiheiten. Individualisierung in modernen Gesellschaften (pp. 336-350). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  154. Keupp, H. (1997). Von der (Un-)Möglichkeit erwachsen zu werden – Jugend zwischen Multioptionalität und Identitätsdiffusion. Gemeindepsychologie-Rundbrief, 1(97), 10-15. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  155. Keupp, H. (2004). Fragmente oder Einheit. Wie heute Identität geschaffen wird. Retrieved 17. 03. 2010, from http://www. ipp-muenchen. de/texte/fragmente_oder_einheit. pdf Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  156. Keupp, H. (2004a). Sich selber finden – Identitätskonstruktionen heute und welche Ressourcen in Familie und Gesellschaft sie benötigen. Retrieved 17. 03. 2010 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  157. http://www. ipp-muenchen. de/texte/sich_selber_finden. pdf Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  158. Kluckhohn, F. R., & Stroedtbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value-orientations. Evanston: Row, Peterson & Company. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  159. Kohler Reissman, C. (1993). Narrative analysis. Qualitative research methods series. Vol. 30. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  160. Korf, L., & Malan, L. (2002). Threat to ethnic identity: the experience of White Afrikaans-speaking participants in post-apartheid South Africa. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(2), 149-69. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  161. Lindgren, M., & Wåhlin, N. (2001). Identity construction among boundary-crossing individuals. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 17(3), 357-377. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  162. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  163. Mayer, C. H. (2008). Managing conflict across cultures, values and identities. A case study in the South African automotive industry. Reihe Wirtschaftswissenschaften. PhD Thesis. Marburg: Tectum, Germany. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  164. Mayer, C. H. (2008a). Identity and health in transcultural mediation. The model of culture-synergetic transcultural mediation and its impacts. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 17. Retrieved 28. 06. 2008, from http://www. immi. se/intercultural/ Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  165. Mayer, C.-H., Boness, C. M., & Louw, L. (2008). The impact of value-orientations on cross-cultural encounters and mediation. A survey in Tanzania’s educational system. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 8(1), 39-76. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  166. Mayer, C. H., & Louw, L. (2007). Management of transcultural conflicts: A case study in the South African automotive industry. Proceedings of the South African International Management Science (SAIMS) Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa. Retrieved 17. 09. 2007, from Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  167. http://www. uj. ac. za/saims2007/Track%2012/12Mayer_Track12_CP. pdf Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  168. Mayer, C. H., & Louw, L. (2011). Managerial challenges in South Africa. European Business Review, 23(6): 572-591. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  169. Miller, R., Glen, J., Jaspersen, F., & Karmokolias, Y. (1997). International joint ventures in developing countries. Finance and Development, 29(3), 10-26. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  170. Nel, P. S., Van Dyk, P. S., Haasbroek, G. D., Schultz, H. B., Sono, T., & Werner, A. (2004). Human resource management. (6th ed.). Oxford University Press, Cape Town. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  171. Pratt, M., & Rafaeli, A. (1997). Organizational dress as a symbol of multilayered social identities. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 862-898. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  172. Poggenpoel, M. (1998). Data analysis in qualitative research. In de Vos, A. S. (ed), Research on grass roots: A primer for the caring professions. Pretoria: JL van Schaik Publishers. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  173. Pool, S. W. (2000). Organizational culture and its relationship between job tension in measuring outcomes among business executives. Journal of Management Development, 19(1), 32-49. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  174. Rahim, M. A. (2002). Toward a theory of managing organizational conflict. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(3), 206-235. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  175. Riege, A. M. (2003). Validity and reliability tests in case study research: a literature review with ‘hands-on’ applications for each research phase. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 6(2), 75-86. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  176. Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  177. Rothman, J. (1997). Resolving identity-based conflict: In nations, organizations and communities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  178. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure & content of human values? In Mayton, D. M., Loges, W. E., Ball-Rokeach, S. J., & Grube, J. W. (eds.), Human values and social issues: Current understanding and implications for the future, Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  179. Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 268-290. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  180. Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 519-542. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  181. Seale, C. (2002). Quality issues in qualitative inquire. Qualitative Social Work, 1(1), 97-110. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  182. Sennett, R. (1998). The corrosion of character. New York: Norton. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  183. Shamir, B. (1991). Meaning, self and motivation in organizations. Organization Studies, 3, 405-425. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  184. Smith, P. B., Peterson, M. F., & Schwartz, S. H. (2002). Cultural values, sources of guidance, and their relevance to managerial behaviour. A 47-nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(2), 188-208. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  185. Spini, D. (2003). Measurement equivalence of 10 value types from The Schwartz value survey across 21 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(1), 3-23. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  186. Stellrecht, I. (1993). Interpretative Ethnologie: Eine Orientierung. In Schweizer, T., Schweizer, M. & Kokot, W. (eds.), Handbuch der Ethnologie (pp. 29-78). Berlin: Reimer. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  187. Stewart, E. C., Danielian, J., & Foster, R. (1998). Cultural Assumptions and Values. In Bennett, M. J. (ed.), Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication (pp. 157-172). Selected Readings. Maine: Intercultural Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  188. Sveningsson, S., & Alvesson, M. (2003). Managing managerial identities: Organizational fragmentation, discourse and identity struggle. Human Relations, 56(10), 1163-1193. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  189. Terre Blanche, M., Durrheim, K., & Kelly, K. (2006). First steps in qualitative data analysis. In Terre Blanche, M., Durrheim, K. & Painter, D. (eds.), Research in practice. Applied methods for the social sciences (pp. 321-344). Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  190. Tuckman, B. W. (1999). Conducting educational research. 5th ed. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace & Company. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  191. Van der Riet, M., & Durrheim, K. (2008). Putting design into practice: writing and evaluating research proposals. In Terre Blanche, M. T., Durrheim, K., & Painter, D. (eds.), Research in practice. Applied methods for the social sciences (pp. 80-111). Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  192. Watson, T. J. (1994). In search of management. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  193. Watson, T. J. (2008). Managing identity: Identity work, personal predicaments and structural circumstances. Organization, 15(1), 121-143. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  194. Webster, E., & Adler, G. (1999). Towards a class comprise in South Africa’s “double transition”. Bargained liberalization and the consolidation of democracy. Politics and Society, 27(3), 347-385. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  195. Whetten, D., & Godfrey, P. (1998). Identity in organizations. London: Sage. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-288
  196. Anderson, N., & Schalk, R. (1998). The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect (editorial). Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 637-647. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  197. Andersson, L.M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49, 1395-1418. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  198. Bal, P.M, De Lange, A.H., Jansen, P.G.W., & Van Der Velde, M.E.G. (2008). Psychological contract breach and job attitudes: A meta-analysis of age as moderator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72 (1), 143-158. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  199. Bellou, V. (2007). Psychological contract assessment after a major organizational change: The case of mergers and acquisitions. Employee Relations, 29(1), 68-88. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  200. Bouckenooghe, D., & Devos, G. (2007). The role of process, context and individual characteristics in explaining readiness for change: A multilevel analyses. Working Paper Series Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School, 2007/12. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  201. Brown, M., & Cregan, C. (2008). Organizational change cynicism: the role of employee involvement. Human Resource Management, 47(4), 667-686. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  202. Caldwell, S.D., Herold, D.M., & Fedor, D.B. (2004). Toward an understanding of the relationships among organizational change, individual differences, and changes in person-environment fit: A cross level study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 868-882. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  203. Caldwell, R. (1993). Employee involvement and communication strategies for managing change. Strategic change, 2(3), 135-138. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  204. Cavanagh, S.J. (1995). A “new” psychological contract for nurses: some management implications. Journal of Nursing Management, 4(2), 79-83. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  205. Cennamo, L., & Gardner, D. (2008). Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person-organization values fit. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 891-906. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  206. Chaudhry, A., Coyle-Shapiro, J.A-M., & Wayne, S.J. (2010). A longitudinal study of the impact of organizational change on transactional, relational, and balanced psychological contracts. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20, 1-13. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  207. Chaudhry, A., Wayne, S.J., & Schalk, R. (2009). A sense-making model of employee evaluation of psychological contract fulfillment: When and how do employees respond to change? Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45, 498-520. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  208. Cogin, J. (2012). Are generational differences in work values fact or fiction? Multi-country evidence and implications. The international journal of Human Resource Management, 23(11), 2268-2294. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  209. Coyle-Shapiro, J., & Kessler, I. (2002). Exploring reciprocity through the lens of the psychological contract: employee and employer perspectives. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11, 69-86. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  210. De Meuse, K.P., Bergmann, T.J., & Lester, S.W. (2001). An investigation of the relational component of the psychological contract across time, generation, and employment status. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13, 102-18. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  211. De Vos, A., Buyens, D., & Schalk, R. (2003). Psychological contract development during organizational socialization: adaptation to reality and the role of reciprocity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 537-559. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  212. DeFillippi, R.J., & Arthur, M.B. (1994). The boundaryless career: a competency based perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 307-324. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  213. DiFonzo, N., Bordia, P. (1998). “A tale of two corporations: managing uncertainty during organisational change”. Human Resource Management, 37(3), 295-303. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  214. Eisner, S.P. (2005). Managing generation Y. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 70(4), 4-15. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  215. Fincham, F.D., & Jaspers, J.M. (1980). Attribution of responsibility: From man the scientist to man as lawyer. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental psychology, 13, 81-137. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  216. Freese, C. (2007). Organizational change and the dynamics of psychological contracts: A longitudinal study. PHD Thesis, Tilburg University, ISBN/EAN: 978-90-5335-122-2. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  217. Frese, M. (2000). The changing nature of work. In N. Chmiel (Ed.), Introduction to work and organizational psychology (pp. 424-439). Oxford: Blackwell. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  218. Granrose, C.S., & Baccili, P.A. (2006). Do psychological contracts include boundaryless or protean careers? Career Development International, 11(2), 163-182. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  219. Guest, D. (2004). The psychology of the employment relationship: an analysis based on the psychological contract. Applied Psychology, 53, 541-555. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  220. Gursoy, D., Maier, T., & Chi, C. (2008). Generational differences: an examination of the work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 448-458. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  221. Hall, D.T., & Moss, J.E. (1998). The new protean career contract: Helping organizations and employees adapt. Organizational Dynamics, 26, 22-37. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  222. Hendry, C, & Jenkins, R. (1997). Psychological Contracts and New Deals. Human Resource Management Journal and Editorial to special issue on The New Deal in Employment 7(1), 38-44. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  223. Herriot, P., & Pemberton, C. (1995). “A new deal for middle managers'”. People Management, 15 June, 32-4. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  224. Herriot, P., & Pemberton, C. (1996). Contracting careers. Human Relations, 49, 757-790. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  225. Hess, N., & Jepsen, D.M. (2009). Career stage and generational differences in psychological contracts. Career Development International, 14(3), 261-283. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  226. Heuvel, S. van den, & Schalk, R. (2009). The relationship between fulfillment of the psychological contract and resistance to change during organizational transformations. Social Science Information, 48(2), 283-313. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  227. Hicks R., & Hicks, K. (1999). Boomers, Xers and other strangers. Tyndale House Publishers, Wheaton. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  228. Hiltrop, J.M. (1995). The changing psychological contract: the human resources challenge of the 1990s. European Management Journal, 13, 286-294. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  229. Hiltrop, J.M. (1996). Managing the changing psychological contract. Employee Relations, 18(1), 36-49. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  230. Huiskamp, R., & Schalk, R. (2002). Psychologische contracten in arbeidsrelaties: de stand van zaken in Nederland. Gedrag in Organisatie, 15(6), 370-385. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  231. Janssen, M., Sels, L., & Van den Brande, I. (2003). Multiple types of psychological contracts: a six cluster solution. Human Relations, 1349-1377. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  232. Jurkiewicz, C.E., & Brown, R.G. (1998). GenXers vs. boomers vs. matures: Generational comparisons of public employee motivation. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 18, 18-37. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  233. Kickul, J., & Lester, S.W. (2001). Broken promises: equity sensitivity as a moderator between psychological contract breach and employee attitudes and behavior. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(2). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  234. Kickul, J., Lester, S.W., & Finkl, J. (2002). Promise breaking during radical organizational change: do justice interventions make a difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 469-488. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  235. Kowske, B.J., Rasch, R., & Wiley, J. (2010). Milennials‘(lack of) attitude problem: An empirical examination of generational effects on work attitudes. Journal of Business Psychology, 25, 265-279. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  236. Kotter, J.P. (1973). The psychological contract. California Management Review, 15, 91-99. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  237. Lau, C.M., & Woodman, R.W. (1995). Understanding organizational change: A schematic perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 537-554. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  238. Lewis, L.K. (1999). Disseminating information and soliciting input during planned organisational change: implementers’ targets, sources, and channels for communicating. Management Communication Quarterly, 13(1), 43-75. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  239. Loughlin, C., & Barling, J. (2001). Young workers’ work values, attitudes and behaviours. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 543-558. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  240. Lub, X.D., Blomme, R.J., & Bal, P.M (2011). Psychological contracts and organizational citizenship behavior: a new deal for new generations? Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 7, 109-130. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  241. Lyons, S., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2007). An empirical assessment of generational differences in basic human values. Psychological Reports, 101, 339-352. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  242. Martin, G., Staines, H., & Pate, J. (1998). Linking job security and career development in a new psychological contract. Human Resource Management Journal, 8, 20-40. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  243. Ng, T.W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (2008). Can you get a better deal elsewhere? The effects of psychological contract replicability on organizational commitment over time. Journal of Vocational Behavior 73, 268-277. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  244. Oreg, S. (2006). Penalty, context, and resistance to organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 73-101. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  245. Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armekanis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change: A 60 year review of quantitative studies. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461-521. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  246. Parry, E., & Urwin, P. (2011). Generational differences in work values: a review of theory and evidence. International journal of management reviews, 13, 79-96. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  247. Pate, J., Martin, G., & Staines, H. (2000). Exploring the relationship between psychological contracts and organizational change: a process model and case study evidence. Strategic Change, 8, 481-493. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  248. Piderit, S.K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalent attitudes toward organizational change: A multidimensional view. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 783-794. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  249. Rafferty, A.E., & Griffin, M.A., (2006). Perception of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1154-1162. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  250. Rawlins, C., Indvik, J., & Johnson, P.R. (2008). Understanding the new generation: what the millennial cohort absolutely, positively must have at work. Journal of organizational culture, communication and conflict, 12(2), 1-8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  251. Robinson, S.A, Kraatz, M.S., & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 137-152. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  252. Roehling, M.V., Cavanaugh, M.A., Moynihan, L.M., & Boswell, W.R. (1998). The nature of the new employment relationship: a content analysis of the practitioner and academic literatures. Human Resource Management, 39, 305-320. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  253. Rousseau, D.M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 389-400. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  254. Rousseau, D.M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  255. Rousseau, D.M. (1996). Changing the deal while keeping the people. Academy of Management Executive, 10(1), 50-59. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  256. Rousseau, D.M., & Tijoriwala, S.A. (1998). Assessing psychological contracts: Issues, alternatives and measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 679-695. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  257. Rousseau, D.M., & Tijoriwala, S.A. (1999). What’s a good reason the change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4), 514-528. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  258. Rush, M.C., Schoel, W.A., & Barnard, S.M. (1995). Psychological resiliency in the public sector: ‘‘Hardiness’’ and pressure for change. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 46(1), 17-39. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  259. Saunders, M.N.K., & Thornhill, A. (2003). Organizational justice, trust and the management of change: An exploration. Personnel Review. 32(3), 360-374. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  260. Sacks, P. (1996). Generation X goes to college. Open Court Pub Co. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  261. Schalk, R., Campbell, J.W., & Freese, C. (1998). Change and employee behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 157-153. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  262. Schalk, R., & Freese, C. (1997). New facets of commitment in response to organizational change: research trends and the Dutch experience. In C.L. Cooper & D.M. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior (4th ed., pp. 107-123). Chichester: John Wiley. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  263. Schalk, R., & Freese, C. (2000). The impact of organizational changes on the psychological contract and attitudes towards work in four health care organizations. In K. Isaksson, C. Hogstedt, C. Eriksson & T. Theorell, Health effects of the new labor market, p.129-143. Kluwer Academic: New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  264. Schweiger, D.M., & DeNisi, A.S. (1991). Communication with employees following a merger: A longitudinal field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1), 110-135. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  265. Self, D.R., Armenakis, A.A., & Schraeder, M. (2007). Organizational change content, process, and context: A simultaneous analysis of employee reactions. Journal of Change Management, 7, 211-229. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  266. Shirky, P. (2008). Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. Penguin Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  267. Sims, R.R. (1994). Human resource management's role in clarifying the new psychological contract. Human Resource Management, 33(3), 373-382. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  268. Smola, K.W., & Sutton, C.D. (2002). Generational differences: Revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 363-382. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  269. Sparrow, P. (1996). Transitions in the psychological contract: some evidence from the banking sector. Human Resource Management Journal, 6, 75-92. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  270. Sparrow, P.R., & Hiltrop, J.M. (1994). European human resource management in transition. New York/London, Prentice Hall, 1994. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  271. Stone, K.V.W. (2001). The new psychological contract: implications of the changing workplace for labor and employment law. Ucla Law Review, 48(3), 519-661. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  272. Strausss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations; the history of America’s future 1584 - 2069. William Morrow, New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  273. Strausss, W., & Howe, N. (2000). Millennials rising. The next great generation. Vintage Books, New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  274. Terjesen, S., Vinnicombe, S., & Freeman, C. (2007). Attracting generation Y graduates: Organizational attributes, likelihood to apply and sex differences. Career Development International, 12, 504-522. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  275. Twenge, J.M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 201-210. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  276. Twenge, J.M., & Campbell, S.M. (2008). Generational differences in psychological contract traits and their impact on the workforce. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 862-877. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  277. Twenge, J.M., Campbell, S.M., Hoffman, B.J., & Lance, C.E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36, 1117-1142. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  278. Turnley, W.H., & Feldman, D.C. (1998). Psychological contract violations during corporate restructuring. Human Resource Management, 37, 71-83. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  279. Van den Brande, I., Janssens, M., Sels, L., & Overlaet, B. (2002). Psychologische contracten in Vlaanderen: ‘old deals’?!. Gedrag en Organisatie, 15, 355-369. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  280. Wanberg, C.R., & Banas, J.T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  281. Wanous, J.P., Reichers, A.E., & Austin, J.T. (2000). Cynicism about organizational change: Measurements, antecedents and correlates. Group & Organization Management, 25, 132-153. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  282. Westerman, J.W., & Yamamura, J.H. (2006). Generational preferences for work environment fit: Effects on employee outcomes. Career Development International, 22(2), 150-161. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  283. Wiley, C. (1997). What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys. International Journal of Manpower, 18, 263-280. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  284. Wong, M., Gardiner, E., Lang, E., & Coulon, L. (2008). Generational differences in personality and motivation. Do they exist and what are the implications for the workplace? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 878-890. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308
  285. Zemke, R., Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (2000). Generations at work. American Management Association, New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2013-4-308

Citation


Download RIS Download BibTex