The hybrid global gold regime: a perspective from the Peruvian ASGM sector

Table of contents

Bibliographic information

Cover of book: Geopolitics of the Illicit
Open Access Full access

Geopolitics of the Illicit

Linking the Global South and Europe

Authors:
Series
Weltwirtschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit
Volume
25
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Copyright year
2022
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0015-9
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-3594-0

Chapter information

Open Access Full access

The hybrid global gold regime: a perspective from the Peruvian ASGM sector

Authors:
ISBN-Print
978-3-7560-0015-9
ISBN-Online
978-3-7489-3594-0
Preview:

Bibliography

  1. Borg Costanzi, Dawn/Wozniak, Esther (2021): “International guidelines would helps illegal activity tied to at-sea transfer of fish”. At: <https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2021/01/22/international-guidelines-would-help-stem-illegal-activity-tied-to-at-sea-transfer-of-fish> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  2. Carreon, Bernadette (2021): “FAO Committee on Fisheries members urged to adopt global transshipment guidelines by 2022”. At: <https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/fao-committee-on-fisheries-members-urged-to-adopt-global-transshipment-guidelines-by-2022> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  3. CFFA, Coalition for Fair Fisheries Agreements (2020): “CSOs complaint about Italian vessels illegal activities in Sierra Leone. The European Commission is dragging its feet”. At: <https://www.cffacape.org/news-blog/csos-complaint-about-italian-vessels-activities-in-sierra-leone-the-european-commission-is-dragging-its-feet> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  4. Christensen, Joseph (2016): “Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in historical perspective”. In: Poulsen, Bo/Schwerdtner Máñez, Kathleen (eds.): Perspectives on Oceans Past. A handbook on marine environmental history. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 133-153. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  5. Cremers, Klaudija/Wright, Glen/Rochette, Julien (2020a): “Strengthening monitoring, Control and surveillance in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction”. At: <https://www.prog-ocean.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Cremers-Wright-and-Rochette-2019.-Strengthening-Monitoring-Control-and-Surveillance-in-Areas-Beyond-National-Jurisdiction-1.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  6. Cremers, Klaudija/Wright, Glen/Rochette, Julien (2020b): “Strengthening monitoring, control and surveillance of human activities in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction: Challenges and opportunities for an international legally binding instrument”. In: Marine Policy, 122, 103976. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  7. Crespo, Guillermo Ortuño/Dunn, Daniel C./Reygondeau, Gabriel/Boerder, Kristina/Worm, Boris/Cheung, William/Tittensor, Derek P./Halpin, Patrick N. (2018): “The environmental niche of the global high seas pelagic longline fleet”. In: Science Advances, 4, 8, eaat3681. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  8. Dunn, Daniel C./Jablonicky, Caroline/Crespo, Guillermo O./McCauley, Douglas J./Kroodsma, David A./Boerder, Kristina/Gjerde, Kristina M./Halpin, Patrick N. (2018): “Empowering high seas governance with satellite vessel tracking data”. In: Fish and Fisheries, 19, 4, pp. 729-739. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  9. EC, European Commission (2013): “Commission Decision of 26 November 2013 on notifying the third countries that the Commission considers as possible of being identified as non-cooperating third countries pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 1005/2008 establishing a Community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (2013/C 346/03)”. In: Official Journal of the European Union, pp. C 346/26-C 346/49. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  10. EC, European Commission (2020): “Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1005/2008 establishing a community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing (the IUU Regulation)”. At: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0772> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  11. EC, European Commission (2021a): “Illegal fishing”. At: <https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/fisheries/rules/illegal-fishing_en> (accessed 31 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  12. EC, European Commission (2021b): “Fighting against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Commission notifies the Republic of Ghana with a yellow card”. At: <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_2745> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  13. European Council (2008): “Council Regulation (EC) No 1005/2008 of 29 September 2008 establishing a Community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing”. At: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1005/oj> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  14. EJF, European Justice Foundation (2020): “Europe - A market for illegal seafood from West Africa. The case of Ghana's industrial trawl sector”. At: https://ejfoundation.org/reports/europe-a-market-for-illegal-seafood-from-west-africa-the-case-of-ghanas-industrial-trawl-sector (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  15. EU Fisheries Control Coalition (2021): “Two steps forward, one giant step back. European Parliament votes for modern and transparent fisheries, but opens grave loophole”. At: <http://www.transparentfisheries.org/2021/03/11/two-steps-forward-one-giant-step-back-european-parliament-votes-for-modern-and-transparent-fisheries-but-opens-grave-loophole/> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  16. European Parliament (2021): “Fishing rules: Compulsory CCTV for certain vessels to counter infractions”. At: <https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20210304IPR99227/fishing-rules-compulsory-cctv-for-certain-vessels-to-counter-infractions> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  17. EUMOFA, European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products (2020): “The EU Fish Market. 2020 Edition”. At: <https://www.eumofa.eu/documents/20178/415635/EN_The+EU+fish+market_2020.pdf/fe6285bb-5446-ac1a-e213-6fd6f64d0d85?t=1604671147068> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  18. EUMOFA, European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products (2021): “The EU Fish Market. 2021 Edition”. At: https://www.eumofa.eu/documents/20178/477018/EN_The+EU+fish+market_2021.pdf/27a6d912-a758-6065-c973-c1146ac93d30?t=1636964632989 (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  19. Ewell, Christopher/Cullis-Suzuki, Sarika/Ediger, Mikaela/Hocevar, John/Miller, Dana/Jacquet, Jennifer (2017): “Potential ecological and social benefits of a moratorium on transshipment on the high seas”. In: Marine Policy, 81, pp. 293-300. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  20. Fang, Yingkai/Asche, Frank (2021): “Can U.S. import regulations reduce IUU fishing and improve production practices in aquaculture?”. In: Ecological Economics, 187, 107084. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  21. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2001): “International Plan of Action to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing”. At: <http://www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-iuu/en> (accessed 06 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  22. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017): “Voluntary Guidelines for Catch Documentation Schemes”. At: http://www.fao.org/iuu-fishing/resources/detail/en/c/1132200/ (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  23. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019): “Voluntary Guidelines on the Marking of Fishing Gear. Directives volontaires sur le marquage des engins de pêche. Directrices voluntarias sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca”. At: <http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA3546T/> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  24. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020): “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action”. At: <http://www.fao.org/publications/sofia/2020/en/> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  25. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021): “2021 COFI Declaration For Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture, Thirty-fourth Session, 1-5 February”. At: http://www.fao.org/3/ne472en/ne472en.pdf (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  26. Hosch, Gilles (2020): “Catch documentation schemes”. In: FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Hosch, Gilles: Catch Documentation Schemes for Deep-sea Fisheries in the ABNJ, pp. 17-43. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  27. Felson, Marcus/Clarke, Ronald V. (1998): Opportunity makes the thief. Practical theory for crime prevention. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  28. Ferrell, Jessica K. (2005): “Controlling flags of convenience. One measure to stop overfishing of collapsing fish stocks”. In: Environmental Law, 35, 2, pp. 323-390. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  29. Fitt, Elizabeth (2022): “WTO finally nets deal curbing fisheries subsidies, but tables key bits for later”. At: https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/wto-finally-nets-deal-curbing-fisheries-subsidies-but-tables-key-bits-for-later/ (accessed 22 August 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  30. Flothmann, Stefan/Von Kistowski, Kristín/Dolan, Emily/Lee, Elsa/Meere, Frank/Album, Gunnar (2010): “Closing loopholes. Getting illegal fishing under control”. In: Science, 328, 5983, pp. 1235-1236. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  31. Garcia, Sonia Garcia/Barclay, Kate/Nicholls, Rob (2021): “Can anti-illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing trade measures spread internationally? Case study of Australia”. In: Ocean & Coastal Management, 202, 105494. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  32. GI-TOC, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (2021): “IUU Fishing Index”. At: <https://iuufishingindex.net/> (accessed 31 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  33. Greenpeace (2019): “Ghost gear. The abandoned fishing nets haunting our oceans”. At: https://www.greenpeace.org/aotearoa/publication/ghost-gear-the-abandoned-fishing-nets-haunting-our-oceans/ (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  34. Gutierrez, Miren/Daniels, Alfonso/Jobbins, Guy/Guttierez Almazor, Guillermo/Montenegro, Cesar (2020): “China’s distantwater fishing fleet -Scale, impact and governance”. At: <https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/chinesedistantwaterfishing_web.pdf> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  35. He, Juan (2018): “From country-of-origin labelling (COOL) to seafood import monitoring program (SIMP). How far can seafood traceability rules go?”. In: Marine Policy, 96, pp. 163-174. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  36. Helyar, Sarah J./Lloyd, Hywel Ap D./De Bruyn, Mark/Leake, Jonathan/Bennett, Niall/Carvalho, Gary R. (2014): “Fish product mislabelling. Failings of traceability in the production chain and implications for illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing”. In: PLOS ONE, 9, 6, pp. e98691. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  37. IMO, International Maritime Organization (2015): “Resolution A.1106(29) Adopted on 2 December 2015 (Agenda item 10) Revised Guidelines for the Onboard Operational Use of Shipborne Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)”. At: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Safety/Documents/AIS/Resolution%20A.1106(29).pdf (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  38. INTERPOL (2014): “Study on fisheries crime in the West African coastal region.” In: INTERPOL Environmental Security Sub-Directorate (ENS). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  39. INTERPOL (2020): “Fighting illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing”. At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2020/Fighting-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  40. Koop, Fermin/Aldred, Jessica (2020): “WTO fails to meet fishing subsidies deadline”. At: https://chinadialogueocean.net/15886-wto-fails-to-meet-fishing-subsidies-deadline/ (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  41. Le Billon, Philippe (2008): “Diamond wars? Conflict diamonds and geographies of resource wars”. In: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98, 2, pp. 345-372. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  42. Le Billon, Philippe/Spiegel, Samuel (2021): “Cleaning mineral supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes.” In: Review of International Political Economy. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  43. Leroy, Antonia/Galletti, Florence/Chaboud, Christian (2016): “The EU restrictive trade measures against IUU fishing”. In: Marine Policy, 64, pp. 82-90. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  44. Liddick, Don (2014): “The dimensions of a transnational crime problem: the case of iuu fishing”. In: Trends in Organized Crime, 17, pp. 290-312. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  45. Lindley, Jade/Techera, Erika J. (2017): “Overcoming complexity in illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing to achieve effective regulatory pluralism”. In: Marine Policy, 81, pp. 71-79. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  46. Long, Tony/Widjaja, Sjarief/Wirajuda, Hassan/Juwana, Stephanie (2020): “Approaches to combatting illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing”. In: Nature Food, 1, pp. 389-91. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  47. Lycan, Tyler/Van Buskirk, Lexie 2021: “What we know about maritime environmental crime”. At: <http://www.safeseas.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/What_We_Know_About_Maritime_Environmental_Crime.pdf> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  48. Maryudi, Ahmad/Myers, Rodd (2018): “Renting legality. How FLEGT is reinforcing power relations in Indonesian furniture production networks”. In: Geoforum, 97, pp. 46-53. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  49. McDonald, Gavin G./Costello, Christopher/Bone, Jennifer/Cabral, Reniel B./Farabee, Valerie/Hochberg, Timothy/Kroodsma, David/Mangin, Tracey/Meng, Kyle C./Zahn, Oliver (2021): “Satellites can reveal global extent of forced labor in the world’s fishing fleet”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118. 3, e2016238117. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  50. Metuzals, Kaija/Baird, Rachel/Pitcher, Tony/Sumaila, Rashid/Ganapathiraju, Pramŏd (2010): “One fish, two fish, IUU and no fish. Unreported fishing worldwide”. In: Grafton, R. Quentin/Hilbron, Ray/Squires, Dale/Tait, Maree/Williams, Mery (eds.): Handbook of marine fisheries conservation and management. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 165-181. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  51. MFAD, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, Republic of Ghana (2020): “Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance Division”. At: https://www.mofad.gov.gh/agencies/fisheries-commission/divisions-of-fisheries-commission/monitoring-control-and-surveillance-division/ (accessed 06 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  52. Miller, Dana D./Sumaila, U. Rashid/Copeland, Duncan/Zeller, Dirk/Soyer, Baris et al. (2016): “Cutting a lifeline to maritime crime. Marine insurance and IUU fishing”. In: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14, 7, pp. 357-362. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  53. Miller, Denzil G. M./Slicer, Natasha/Sabourenkov, Eugene N. (2010): “IUU fishing in Antarctic waters. CCAMLR actions and regulations.” In: Vidas, Davor (ed.): Law, technology, and science for oceans in globalisation”. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, pp. 175-196. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  54. Miller, Nathan A./Roan, Aaron/Hochberg, Timothy/Amos, John/Kroodsma, David A. (2018): “Identifying global patterns of transshipment behavior”. In: Frontiers in Marine Science, 5. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  55. Mundy, Victoria (2018): “The impact of the EU IUU Regulation on seafood trade flows. Identification of intra-EU shifts in import trends related to the catch certification scheme and third country carding process”. At: <http://www.iuuwatch.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/TDA_report_IUUwatch_HQ.pdf> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  56. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020): “Fighting illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing”. In: OECD Review of Fisheries 2020. Paris: OECD iLibrary. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  57. Okafor-Yarwood, Ifesinachi (2019): “Survival of the richest! Towards an understanding of the impacts of the securitisation of small-scale fisheries in West Africa”. Edinburgh: European Conference on African Studies. At: https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/ecas2019/paper/48744 (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  58. Okafor-Yarwood, Ifesinachi (2020): “The cyclical nature of maritime security threats. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing as a threat to human and national security in the Gulf of Guinea”. In: African Security, 13, 2, pp. 116-46. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  59. Okafor-Yarwood, Ifesinachi/Belhabib, Dyhia (2020): “The duplicity of the European Union Common Fisheries Policy in third countries. Evidence from the Gulf of Guinea”. In: Ocean & Coastal Management, 184, 104953. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  60. Österblom, Henrik/Bodin, Örjan (2012): “Global cooperation among diverse organizations to reduce illegal fishing in the Southern Ocean”. In: Conservation Biology, 26, 4, pp. 638-648. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  61. Österblom, Henrik/Bodin, Örjan/Press, Anthony J./Sumaila, U. Rashid (2016): “The high seas and IUU fishing”. In: Smith, Hance D./Suárez de Vivero, Juan Luis/Agardy, Tundi S.: Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, pp. 232-240. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  62. Pacoureau, Nathan/Rigby, Cassandra L./Kyne, Peter M./Sherley, Richard B./Winker, Henning et al. (2021): “Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays”. In: Nature, 589, pp. 567-571. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  63. Petrossian, Gohar A. (2015): “Preventing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. A situational approach”. In: Biological Conservation, 189, pp. 39-48. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  64. Petrossian, Gohar A./Marteache, Nerea/Viollaz, Julie (2015): “Where do ‘undocumented’ fish land? An empirical assessment of port characteristics for IUU fishing”. In: European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 21, 3, pp. 337-351. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  65. Petrossian, Gohar A./Pezzella, Frank S. (2018): “IUU fishing and seafood fraud. Using crime script analysis to inform intervention”. In: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 679, 1, pp. 121-139. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  66. Petrossian, Gohar A./Sosnowski, Monique/Miller, Dana/Rouzbahani, Diba (2020): “Flags for sale. An empirical assessment of flag of convenience desirability to foreign vessels”. In: Marine Policy, 116, 103937. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  67. PEW, The Pew Charitable Trusts (2020): “Port Risk: risk of illegally-caught fish passing through port”. At: <https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/data-visualizations/2020/port-activity-study-reveals-potential-for-illegal-fish-to-enter-markets> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  68. Pramod, Ganapathiraju (2018): “Ghana country report”. In: IUU Risk Intelligence: Policing the open seas, global assessment of fisheries monitoring control and surveillance in 84 countries. Canada. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  69. Pramod, Ganapathiraju/Pitcher, Tony J. (2019): “In defence of seafood import analysis. Credulity bamboozled by supply chain laundering”. In: Marine Policy, 108, 103651. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  70. Quelch, Glenn D./Von Kistowski, Kristin/Young, Mark/Carrara, Giuliano/Rey Aneiros, Adelaida et al. (2020): “Transshipment: a closer look. An in-depth study in support of the development of international guidelines”. In: Moistero Cabanelas, Alicia (ed.): FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers, Series No. 661. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  71. Richardson, Kelsey/Hardesty, Britta Denise/Wilcox, Chris (2019): “Estimates of fishing gear loss rates at a global scale. A literature review and meta-analysis”. In: Fish and Fisheries, 20, 6, pp. 1218-1231. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  72. Rogers, Kimberly (2021): Examining the impact of the European Union’s carding scheme to combat Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated fishing on the Republic of Panama’s seafood trade. San Diego: Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, UC San Diego. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  73. Rosello, Mercedes (2017): “Cooperation and unregulated fishing. Interactions between customary international law, and the European Union IUU fishing regulation”. In: Marine Policy, 84, pp. 306-312. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  74. Rustad, Siri Aas/Le Billon, Philippe/Lujala, Päivi (2017): “Has the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative been a success? Identifying and evaluating EITI goals”. In: Resources Policy, 51, pp. 151-162. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  75. Satizábal, Paula/Le Billon, Philippe/Belhabib, Dyhia/Saavedra-Díaz, Lina M./Figueroa, Isabela/Noriega, Gina/Bennett, Nathan J. (2021): “Ethical considerations for research on small-scale fisheries and blue crimes”. In: Fish and Fisheries, 22, 6, pp. 1160-1166. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  76. Sea Shepherd (2019): “Sea shepherd removes over 1000 pieces of illegal fishing gear from vaquita habitat”. At: <https://seashepherd.org/news/sea-shepherd-removes-over-1000-pieces-of-illegal-fishing-gear-from-vaquita-habitat/> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  77. Shen, Huihui/Huang, Shuolin (2021): “China's policies and practice on combatting IUU in distant water fisheries”. In: Aquaculture and Fisheries, 6, 1, pp. 27-34. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  78. Song, Andrew M./Scholtens, Joeri/Barclay, Kate/Bush, Simon R./Fabinyi, Michael/Adhuri, Dedi A./Haughton, Milton (2020): “Collateral damage? Small-scale fisheries in the global fight against IUU fishing”. In: Fish and Fisheries, 21, 4, pp. 831-843. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  79. Soyer, Barış/Leloudas, George/Miller, Dana (2018): “Tackling IUU fishing. Developing a holistic legal response”. In: Transnational Environmental Law, 7, 1, pp. 139-163. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  80. Sumaila, Ussif Rashid/Alder, Jacqueline/Keith, Heather (2006): “Global scope and economics of illegal fishing”. In: Marine Policy, 30, 6, pp. 696-703. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  81. Sumaila, Ussif Rashid (2019): “A carding system as an approach to increasing the economic risk of engaging in IUU fishing?”. In: Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  82. Sumaila, Ussif Rashid/Ebrahim, Naazia/Schuhbauer, Anna/Skerritt, Daniel/Li, Yang et al. (2019): “Updated estimates and analysis of global fisheries subsidies”. In: Marine Policy, 109, 103695. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  83. Sumaila, Ussif Rashid/Skerritt, Daniel/Schubauer, Anna/Villasante, Sebastian/Cisneros-Montemayor, Andres M. et al. (2021): “The World Trade Organization must prohibit harmful fisheries subsidies”. In: Science, 374, 6567, p. 544. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  84. Tessnow-von Wysocki, Ina/Le Billon, Philippe (2019): “Plastics at sea. Treaty design for a global solution to marine plastic pollution”. In: Environmental Science & Policy, 100, pp. 94-104. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  85. Tessnow-von Wysocki, Ina/Vadrot, Alice B. M. (2020): “The voice of science on marine biodiversity negotiations. A systematic literature review”. In: Frontiers in Marine Science, 7. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  86. Trent, Steve (2020): “A decade of the EU’s regulation on illegal fishing. Real-world progress”. At: <https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/a-decade-of-the-eus-regulation-on-illegal-fishing-real-world-progress> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  87. UNCLOS (1982): United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  88. Vandergeest, Peter/Marschke, Melissa (2021): “Beyond slavery scandals. Explaining working conditions among fish workers in Taiwan and Thailand”. In: Marine Policy, 132, 104685. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  89. Ventura, Victor Alencar Mayer Feitosa (2015): “Tackling illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing. The ITLOS Advisory Opinion on Flag-state Responsibility for IUU fishing and the principle of due diligence”. In: Revista de Direito Internacional, 12, 1, pp. 51-66. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  90. Vince, Joanna/Hardesty, Britta Denise/Wilcox, Chris (2021): “Progress and challenges in eliminating illegal fishing”. Fish and Fisheries, 22, 3, pp. 518-531. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  91. Widjaja, Sjarief/Long, Tony/Wirajuda, Hassan/Van As, Hennie/Bergh, Per Eik et al. (2019): “Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and associated drivers”. At: <https://www.oceanpanel.org/blue-papers/illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing-and-associated-drivers> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  92. Wongrak, Garnchanok/Hur, Nancy/Pyo, Insoo/Kim, Jungsuk (2021): “The Impact of the EU IUU regulation on the sustainability of the Thai fishing industry”. In: Sustainability, 13, 12, 6814. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  93. Yozell, Sally/Shaver, Amanda (2019): “Shining a light. The need for transparency across distant water fishing”. At: <https://www.stimson.org/2019/shining-light-need-transparency-across-distant-water-fishing/> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  94. Abdenur, Adriana (2020): “How can artificial intelligence help curb deforestation in the Amazon?”. At: <https://theglobalobservatory.org/2020/11/how-can-artificial-intelligence-help-curb-deforestation-amazon/> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  95. Abdenur, Adriana (2022): What Can Global Governance do for Forests? Cooperation and Sovereignty in the Amazon. United Nations University, Centre for Policy Research. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  96. Abdenur, Adriana/Ferguson, Brodie/de Carvalho, Ilona Szabo/Risso, Melina/Muggah, Robert (2020): “Environmental Crime in the Amazon Basin. A Typology for Research, Policy and Action”. At: <https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-08-19-AE-47_Environmental-Crime-Typology.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  97. Alessi, Gil (2021): “The Amazon rainforest under Bolsonaro. A story of fire and violence in Brazil”. At: <https://english.elpais.com/usa/2021-09-16/the-amazon-rainforest-under-bolsonaro-a-story-of-fire-and-violence-in-brazil.html> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  98. Azevedo, Andrea/Rajão, Raoni/Costa, Marcelo/Stabile, Marcelo/Macedo, Marcia et al. (2017): “Limits of Brazil’s Forest Code as a means to end illegal deforestation”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 29, pp. 7653-7658. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  99. Baker, Jacqui (2020):” Corrupt networks in the Indonesian forestry sector. Politics and pulp in Pelalawan, Riau”. At: <https://www.u4.no/publications/corrupt-networks-in-the-indonesian-forestry-sector.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  100. Barros, Ciro (2021): “The intimate relationship between cocaine and illegal timber in Brazil’s Amazon”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/news/intimate-relationship-between-cocaine-illegal-timber-brazil-amazon/> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  101. Bisschop, Lieselot (2012): “Out of the woods. The illegal trade in tropical timber and a European trade hub”. In: Global Crime, 13, 3, pp. 191-212. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  102. Bisschop, Lieselot (2015): Governance of the illegal trade in e-waste and tropical timber. Case studies on transnational environmental crime. Farnham: Ashgate. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  103. Blackman, Jo (2018): “EU ban on illegal timber. Uneven enforcement lets companies off the hook”. At: <https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/eu-ban-illegal-timber-uneven-enforcement-lets-companies-hook/> (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  104. Block, Alan (1983): East Side-West Side. Organizing Crime in New York, 1930-1950. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  105. Boekhout van Solinge, Tim (2008): “Eco-Crime. The tropical timber trade”. In: Siegel, Dina/Nelen, Hans (eds.): Organized crime. Culture, markets and policies. New York, NY: Springer Science/ Business Media LLC, pp. 97-111. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  106. Boekhout van Solinge, Tim/Zuidema, Pieter/Vlam, Mart/Cerutti, Paolo/Yemelin, Valentin (2016): “Organized forest crime. A criminological analysis with suggestions from timber forensics”. In: Kleinschmit, Daniela/Mansourian, Stephanie/Wildburger, Christoph/Purret, Andre (eds.): Illegal logging and related timber trade. Dimensions, drivers, impacts and response. A global scientific rapid response assessment report. Vienna: IUFRO, pp. 82-97. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  107. Brancalion, Pedro/Almeida, Danilo de/Vidal, Edson/Molin, Paulo/Sontag, Vanessa/Souza, Saulo/Schulze, Mark (2018): “Fake Legal Logging in the Brazilian Amazon”. In: Science Advances, 4, 8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  108. Butler, Rhett A. (2020): “Despite COVID, Amazon deforestation races higher”. Mongabay. At: <https://news.mongabay.com/2020/04/despite-covid-amazon-deforestation-races-higher/> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  109. Carrington, Damien (2021): “Amazon rainforest now emitting more CO2 than it absorbs”. At: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/14/amazon-rainforest-now-emitting-more-co2-than-it-absorbs (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  110. Cashore, Benjamin/Leipold, Sina/Cerutti, Paolo Omar/Bueno, Gabriela/Carodenuto Sophia et al. (2016): “Global governance approaches to addressing illegal logging. Uptake and lessons learnt”. In: Kleinschmit, Daniela/Mansourian, Stephanie/Wildburger, Christoph/Purret, Andre (eds.): Illegal logging and related timber trade. Dimensions, drivers, impacts and responses. A global scientific rapid response assessment report. Vienna: IUFRO, pp. 120-131. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  111. Chatham House (n.d.-a): “Forest Governance and Legality. Brazil”. At: https://forestgovernance.chathamhouse.org/countries/brazil (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  112. Chatham House (n.d.-b): “Forest governance and legality. Indonesia”. At: https://forestgovernance.chathamhouse.org/countries/indonesia (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  113. Chimeli, Ariaster/Boyd, Roy/Adams, Darius (2012): “International timber markets and tropical deforestation. The evidence from prices”. In: Applied Economics, 44, 10, pp. 1303-1314. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  114. Corrêa, Alessandra 2014): “Brasil é exemplo de sucesso na redução do desmatamento, diz relatório”. At: https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2014/06/140604_desmatamento_relatorio_ac_hb (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  115. Davidescu, Simona/Buzogány, Aron (2021): “Cutting deals. Transnational advocacy networks and the European Union Timber Regulation at the eastern border”. In: The International Spectator, 56, 3, pp. 105-118. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  116. Drewe, Charles/Barker, Tim (2016): Analysis of potential European Union Timber Regulation product scope changes. WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  117. Earthsight (2021): “Untamed timber. The Brazilian flooring giant let off the hook by Bolsonaro’s government and now thriving across the US and EU”. At: https://www.earthsight.org.uk/news/investigations-brazil-untamed-timber (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  118. EIA, Environmental Investigation Agency (2012): Appetite for destruction. China’s trade in illegal timber. Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  119. EIA, Environmental Investigation Agency (2018): A tale of two laws. Using existing EU and US laws to strengthen action on illegal timber trade. Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  120. EIA, Environmental Investigation Agency/Telapak (2001): Timber trafficking. Illegal logging in Indonesia, South East Asia and international consumption of illegally sourced timber. Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA)/Telapak. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  121. EIA, Environmental Investigation Agency/Telapak (2004): Profiting from plunder. How Malaysia smuggled endangered wood. Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA)/Telapak. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  122. EIA, Environmental Investigation Agency/Telapak (2005). The last frontier. Illegal logging in Papua and China’s massive timber theft. Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA)/Telapak. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  123. EIA, Environmental Investigation Agency/Telapak (2006): Behind the veneer. How Indonesia’s last rainforests are being gelled for flooring. Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA)/Telakap. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  124. Escobar, Herton (2020): “Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is still rising sharply”. In: Science, 369, 6504, p. 613. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  125. European Commission (2021): “Questions and Answers on new rules for deforestation-free products”. At: <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_5919> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  126. FAO, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2020): The state of the world’s forests 2020. Forests, Biodiversity and People: FAO and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  127. Forest Trends (2010): Timber markets and trade between Laos and Vietnam. A commodity chain analysis of Vietnamese-driven timber flows. Forest Trends. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  128. Forest Trends (2018): The economic impacts of illegal agro-conversion on tropical forest countries. A new framework supports national and global cost estimates. Forest Trends. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  129. Gan, Jianbang/Cerutti, Paolo/Masiero, Mauro/Pettenella, Davide/Andrighetto, Nicola/Dawson, Tim (2016): “Quantifying illegal logging and related timber trade”. In: Kleinschmit, Daniela/Mansourian, Stephanie/Wildburger, Christoph/Purret, Andre (eds.): Illegal logging and related timber trade. Dimensions, drivers, impacts and responses. A global scientific rapid response assessment report. Vienna: IUFRO, pp. 38-59. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  130. Gatti, Luciana/Basso, Luana/Miller, John/Gloor, Manuel/Gatti Domingues, Lucas et al. (2021): “Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change”. In: Nature, 595, 7867, pp. 388-393. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  131. Giurca, Alexandru/Jonsson, Ragnar/Rinaldi, Francesca/Priyadi, Hari (2013): “Ambiguity in timber trade regarding efforts to combat illegal logging. Potential impacts on trade between South-East Asia and Europe”. In: Forests, 4, 4, pp. 730-750. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  132. Global Witness (2021): “Last line of defence. The industries causing the climate crisis and attacks against land and environmental defenders”. At: <https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/last-line-defence/> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  133. Goncalves, Marilyne/Panjer, Melissa/Greenberg, Theodore/Magrath, William (2012): Justice for forests. Improving criminal justice efforts to combat illegal logging. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  134. Greenpeace (2018): “Imaginary trees, real destruction. How licensing fraud and illegal logging of Ipe trees are causing irreversible damage to the Amazon rainforest”. At: <https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/20180301-greenpeace_report_imaginary_trees_real_destruction.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  135. Hanbury, Shanna (2021): “Brazil’s environment minister faces second probe linked to illegal timber”. At: https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/brazils-environment-minister-faces-second-probe-linked-to-illegal-timber/ (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  136. Hoare, Alison/Wellesley, Laura (2014): “Illegal logging and related trade. The response in Indonesia. A Chatham House Assessment”. At: <https://chathamhouse.soutron.net/Portal/DownloadImageFile.ashx?fieldValueId=4153> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  137. Human Rights Watch (2019): “Rainforest mafias. How violence and impunity fuel deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon”. At: <https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/09/17/rainforest-mafias/how-violence-and-impunity-fuel-deforestation-brazils-amazon> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  138. Hummel, Antônio (2016): “Deforestation in the Amazon: What is illegal and what is not?”. In: Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 4. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  139. Instituto BVRio (2016): “Using big data to detect illegality in the tropical timber sector. A case study of BVRio Due Diligence and Risk Assessment System”. At: <https://www.bvrio.org/publicacao/160/using-big-data-to-detect-illegality-int-the-tropical-timber-sector.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  140. INTERPOL (2019): Global forestry enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement cooperation against forestry crime. INTERPOL. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  141. INTERPOL/World Bank (2010): Chainsaw Project. An INTERPOL perspective on law enforcement in illegal logging. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  142. Jong, Hans (2019): “In Indonesia, a flawed certification scheme lets illegal loggers raze away”. At: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/05/in-indonesia-a-flawed-certification-scheme-lets-illegal-loggers-raze-away/ (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  143. Joy, Ajit (2010): Following the money trail. The challenges in illegal logging investigations. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  144. Kaphengst, Timo/Umpfenbach, Katharina/Bräuer, Ingo (2008): Ökonomische Folgen illegaler Holzimporte für die deutsche Holzwirtschaft. Greenpace / Ecologic - Institut für Internationale und Europäische Umweltpolitik. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  145. Kimbrough, Liz (2019): “Experts blame Bolsonaro for surge in deforestation, warn of worse to come”. At: <https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/experts-blame-bolsonaro-for-surge-in-deforestation-warn-of-worse-to-come/> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  146. Kishor, Nalin/Lescuyer, Guillaume (2012): “Controlling illegal logging in domestic and international markets by harnessing multi-level governance opportunities”. In: International Journal of the Commons, 6, 2, pp. 255-270. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  147. Kleemans, Edward (2013): “Theoretical perspectives on organized crime”. In: Paoli, Letizia (ed.): Oxford handbook on organized crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  148. Kleinschmit, Daniela/Leipold, Sina/Sotirov, Metodi (2016): “Introduction. Understanding the complexities of illegal logging and associated timber trade”. In: Kleinschmit, Daniela/Mansourian, Stephanie/Wildburger, Christoph/Purret, Andre (eds.): Illegal logging and related timber trade. Dimensions, drivers, impacts and responses. A global scientific rapid response assessment report. Vienna: IUFRO, pp. 14-20. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  149. Lawson, Sam (2014): Consumer goods and deforestation. An analysis of the extent and nature of illegality in forest conversion for agriculture and timber plantation. Forest Trends. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  150. Lawson, Sam/MacFaul, Larry (2010): Illegal logging and related trade. Indicators of the global response. The Royal Institute of International Affairs/Chatham House. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  151. Lippe, Rattiya/Cui, Shannon/Schweinle, Jörg (2021): “Estimating global forest-based employment”. In: Forests, 12, 9, 1219. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  152. Liu, Fei/Wheiler, Kent/Ganguly, Indroneil/Hu, Mingxing (2020): “Sustainable timber trade. A study on discrepancies in Chinese logs and lumber trade statistics”. In: Forests, 11, 2, 205. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  153. Lowe, Andrew/Dormontt, Eleanor/Bowie, Matthew/Degen, Bernd/Gardner, Shelley et al. (2016): “Opportunities for improved transparency in the timber trade through scientific verification”. In: BioScience, 66, 11, pp. 990-998. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  154. McElwee, Pamela (2004): “You say illegal, I say legal”. In: Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 19, 1-3, pp. 97-135. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  155. Nellemann, Christian/INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme (2012): “Green carbon, black trade. Illegal logging, tax fraud and laundering in the world’s tropical forests. A rapid response assessment”. At: <https://www.grida.no/publications/126> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  156. Nellemann, Christian/Henriksen, Rune/Pravettoni, Riccardo/Jesperson, Sasha (2020): “Forestry crimes and our planet”. In: Nikolakis, William/Innes, John L. (eds.): The wicked problem of forest policy. A multidisciplinary approach to sustainability in forest landscapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197-230. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  157. Nellemann, Christian/Henriksen, Rune/Raxter, Patricia/Ash, Neville/Mrema, Elizabeth (2014): The environmental crime crisis. Threats to sustainable development from illegal exploitation and trade in wildlife and forest resources. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Interpol. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  158. Papachristou, Lucy (2018): “Hong Kong woman sentenced in Rosewood trafficking case”. At: https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/8569-hong-kong-woman-sentenced-in-rosewood-trafficking-case (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  159. Peck, Tim (2001): The international timber trade. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier Science. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  160. Perazzoni, Franco (2018): “Amazonia, organized crime and illegal deforestation. Best practices for the protection of the Brazilian Amazon”. In: Ungar, Mark (ed.): The 21st century fight for the Amazon. Environmental enforcement in the world’s biggest rainforest. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 21-55. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  161. Phillips, Tom (2020): “Amazon deforestation surges to 12-year high under Bolsonaro”. At: <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/01/amazon-deforestation-surges-to-12-year-high-under-bolsonaro> (accessed 18 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  162. Pohnan, Erica/Stone, Michael/Cashore, Benjamin (2014): “Global forest governance to address illegal logging. The rise of timber legality verification to rescue Indonesia’s forests”. In: Katila, Pia/Galloway, Glenn/Jong, Wil de/Pacheco, Pablo/Mery, Gerardo (eds.): Forest under pressure. Local responses to global issues. Vienna: International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), pp. 241-254. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  163. Rajão, Raoni/Soares-Filho, Britaldo/Nunes, Felipe/Börner, Jan/Machado, Lilian et al. (2020): “The rotten apples of Brazil’s agribusiness”. In: Science, 369, 6501, pp. 246-248. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  164. Reboredo, Fernando (2013): “Socio-economic, environmental, and governance impacts of illegal logging”. In: Environment Systems and Decisions, 33, 2, pp. 295-304. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  165. Schloenhardt, Andreas (2008): The illegal trade in timber and timber products in the Asia-Pacific region. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  166. Schönenberg, Regine (2002): Die Kriminalisierung gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse. Der Fall des brasilianischen Amazonasgebiets. Hessische Stiftung für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  167. Schulze, Mark/Grogan, James/Uhl, Chris/Lentini, Marco/Vidal, Edson (2008): “Evaluating Ipê (Tabebuia, Bignoniaceae) logging in Amazonia. Sustainable management or catalyst for forest degradation?”. In: Biological Conservation, 141, 8, pp. 2071-2085. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  168. Sotirov, Metodi/Pokorny, Benno/Kleinschmit, Daniela/Kanowski, Peter (2020): “international forest governance and policy. Institutional architecture and pathways of influence in global sustainability”. In: Sustainability, 12, 17, 7010. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  169. Sotirov, Metodi/Storch, Sabine/Aggestam, Filip/Giurca, Alex/Selter, Andy et al. (2015): Forest policy integration in Europe. Lessons learnt, challenges ahead, and strategies to support sustainable forest management and multifunctional forestry in the future. INTEGRAL EU Policy Paper. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  170. Ungar, Mark (2018): “Introduction. The evolution of environmental enforcement”. In: Ungar, Mark (ed.): the 21st century fight for the Amazon. Environmental enforcement in the world’s biggest rainforest. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  171. United Nations (n.d.): “UN Comtrade Database. Indonesia’s Export Partners for HS 44, 47, 48 (2019)”. At: <http://comtrade.un.org/> (accessed 10 November 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  172. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013): criminal justice responses to the illegal trade in timber in Vietnam. At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/wildlife/CJS_Response_-_VIETNAM_01_13_Dec_201.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  173. Weimar, Holger/Janzen, Niels/Dieter, Matthias (2015): Market coverage of wood imports by the EU Timber Regulation. Thünen Working Paper Nr. 45, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  174. Wiedenhoeft, Alex/Simeone, John/Smith, Amy/Parker-Forney, Meaghan/Soares, Richard/Fishman, Akiva (2019): “Fraud and misrepresentation in retail forest products exceeds U.S. forensic wood science capacity”. In: PloS one, 14, 7. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  175. Wit, Marieke/van Dam, Jinke/Cerutti, Paolo Omar/Lescuyer, Guillaume/Kerret, Rohini/McKeown, James Parker (2010): “Chainsaw milling: supplier to local markets. A synthesis”. In: European Tropical Forest Research Network (ETFRN) News 52, pp. 7-12. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  176. Wood Floor Business (WFB) (2011): “Brazil notches big victory against illegal loggers”. At: https://www.woodfloorbusiness.com/news/article/15126422/brazil-notches-big-victory-against-illegal-loggers (accessed 21 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  177. World Bank (2008): Forests sourcebook. Practical guidance for sustaining forests in development cooperation. Washington, D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  178. WWF, World Wide Fund for Nature (2021): “EU forest crime initiative. EU summary of the gap analysis. Project countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine”. At: <https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/EU-Forest-Crime-Initiative-EU-GAP-Analysis.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  179. Wyatt, Tanya/van Uhm, Daan/Nurse, Angus (2020): “Differentiating criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade. Organized, corporate and disorganized crime”. In: Trends in Organized Crime, 23, 4, pp. 350-366. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  180. Zhang, Jian/Gan, Jianbang (2007): “Who will meet China’s import demand for forest products?”. In: World Development, 35, 12, pp. 2150-2160. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-275
  181. Agius, Matthew (2021): “Former gootballers Darren Debono and Jeffrey Chetcuti granted bail on money laundering charges”. At: https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/court_and_police/108801/former_footballers_darren_debono_and_jeffrey_chetcuti_granted_bail_on_money_laundering_charges#.YVCmTUZBw4h (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  182. Al Jazeera (2021): “Libya’s parliament passes no-confidence vote in Unity Government”. At: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/21/libya-parliament-withdraws-confidence-from-unity-government (accessed 1 November 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  183. ANSA (2021): “Libia: vertenze Guardie petrolifere, minacciano blocco pozzi”. At: https://www.ansa.it/canale_ambiente/notizie/energia/2021/01/30/libia-vertenze-guardie-petrolifere-minacciano-blocco-pozzi_31916175-1d8e-4eec-9e5b-de4c4a1daa03.html (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  184. ANSAmed (2021): “Malta: pressure from Libya to recover Gheddafi assets”. At: https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2021/05/12/malta-pressure-from-libya-to-recover-gheddafi-assets_e0b0e67d-49db-4559-ad5e-bf974d55e653.html (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  185. Bagnoli, Lorenzo (2020): “La mafia di Zawiya”. At: https://irpimedia.irpi.eu/mediterraneocentrale-mafia-zawiya/ (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  186. Barabanov, Ilya/Ibrahim, Nader (2021): “Wagner: scale of Russian mercenary mission in Libya exposed”. At: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58009514 (accesssed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  187. Brincat, Edwina (2021): “Fuel trader Gordon Debono 'never partnered' with former footballer Darren Debono”. At: https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/fuel-trader-gordon-debono-never-partnered-with-former-footballer.861343 (accessed 1 November 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  188. Coface (n.d.): “Libya. Major macro economic indicators”. At: https://www.coface.com/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks/Libya (accessed 28 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  189. Di Feo, Gianluca : “Il vallo di Putin e le fortezze turche. La nuova Libia ha due soli padroni”. At: https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2021/02/14/news/la_partita_a_scacchi_tra_lo_zar_e_il_sultano_cosi_russia_e_turchia_si_stanno_spartendo_la_libia-287591757/ (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  190. Eaton, Tim (2018): “Libya’s war economy. Predation, profiteering and state weakness”. At: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2018/04/libyas-war-economy-predation-profiteering-and-state-weakness (accessed 12 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  191. Eaton, Tim (2019): “Libya. Rich in oil, leaking fuel”. At: https://chathamhouse.shorthandstories.com/libya-rich-in-oil-leaking-fuel/index.html (accessed 28 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  192. Eaton, Tim (2020): “As conflict escalates in Libya, the economy veers toward crisis”. At: https://warontherocks.com/2020/05/as-conflict-escalates-in-libya-the-economy-veers-toward-crisis/ (accessed 1 November 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  193. EEAS, European External Action Service (2021): “Operation EUNAVFOR MED IRINI - Results Report - August 2021”. At: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/103630/operation-eunavfor-med-irini-results-report-august-2021_en (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  194. EEAS, European Union External Action Service (2022): “Operation EUNAVFOR MED IRINI - Results Report / December 2021”. At: <https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/operation-eunavfor-med-irini-results-report-december-2021_en> (accessed 5 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  195. El Zaidy, Zakariya (2017): “EU migration policy towards Libya. The Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and Libya, analysed from a Libyan perspective”. At: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/tunesien/13752.pdf (accessed 12 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  196. Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.-a): “History of Libya”. At: https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya/History (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  197. Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.-b): “Malta”. At: https://www.britannica.com/place/Malta (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  198. EASO, European Asylum Support Office (2021): “EASO Asylum Report 2021. Annual report of the situation of asylum in the European Union”. At: https://easo.europa.eu/asylum-report-2021 (accessed 12 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  199. Frattini, Davide (2016): “Quelle petroliere fantasma dalla Libia all’Italia. I traffici nel Mediterraneo (e i Big Data per tracciarli”. At: http://www.corriere.it/reportage/esteri/2016/quelle-petroliere-fantasma-dalla-libia-allitalia-i-traffici-nel-mediterraneo-e-i-big-data-per-tracciarli/?refresh_ce-cp (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  200. Frontex (2021): “July: increase in the central Med and Western Balkans”. At: https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news/news-release/july-increase-in-the-central-med-and-western-balkans-IOsJpO (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  201. Frontex (2022): “EU external borders in 2021: arrivals above pre-pandemic levels”. At: <https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news/news-release/eu-external-borders-in-2021-arrivals-above-pre-pandemic-levels-CxVMNN> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  202. Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide (2021): “Fresh blow for Libya’s oil revival, as militia threatens to stop crude exports at three ports”. At: https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/fresh-blow-for-libyas-oil-revival-as-militia-threatens-to-stop-crude-exports-at-three-ports/ (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  203. Il Fatto Quotidiano (2021): “Libia, liberato il trafficante di esseri umani ‘Bija'. l’ex capo dei guardacoste di Zawiya era in carcere da ottobre”. At: https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/04/12/libia-liberato-il-trafficante-di-esseri-umani-bija-lex-capo-dei-guardacoste-di-zawiya-era-in-carcere-da-ottobre/6162694/ (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  204. International Crisis Group (2018): “After the showdown in Libya’s oil crescent”. At: https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/libya/189-after-showdown-libyas-oil-crescent (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  205. Italian Ministry of Defense (n.d.): “EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia (conclusa il 31 marzo 2020)”. At: https://www.difesa.it/OperazioniMilitari/op_intern_corso/eunavfor_med/Pagine/default.aspx (accessed 13 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  206. La Confédéré (1912): “La guerre italo-turque”, 10 August 1912, pg. 3. At: <http://doc.rero.ch/record/124855/files/1912-08-10.pdf> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  207. Libyan Government of National Accord/Government of Italy (2017): “Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Fields of Development, the Fight against Illegal Immigration, Human Trafficking and Fuel Smuggling and on Reinforcing the Security of Borders between the State of Libya and the Italian Republic”. At: http://eumigrationlawblog.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/MEMORANDUM_translation_finalversion.doc.pdf (accessed 12 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  208. Malakooti, Arezo (2019): “The political economy of migrant detention in Libya. Understanding the players and the business models”. At: https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Final-Report-Detention-Libya.pdf (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  209. Mannocchi, Francesca (2017): “Italy accused of bribing Libyan militias to stop migrants reaching Europe”. At: <https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/italy-accused-bribing-libyan-militias-stop-migrants-reaching-europe> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  210. Martin, Ivan (2020): “Fuel trader Gordon Debono charged in anti-smuggling bust”. At: https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/fuel-trader-gordon-debono-charged-in-anti-smuggling-bust.834445 (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  211. Martín, Javier (2020): “Lybia: the first totally privatized war in nodern history”. At: https://www.novact.org/thelibyancrossroad/uploads/pdf/Libya-The-first-totally-privatized-war-in-modern-history.pdf (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  212. Micallef, Mark (2018): “Europe should help get fuel off Libya’s fire”. At: https://issafrica.org/iss-today/europe-should-help-get-fuel-off-libyas-fire (accessed 12 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  213. Micallef, Mark (2019): “Shifting sands - Libya’s changing drug trafficking dynamics on the coastal and desert borders. Background paper commissioned by European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) for the EU Drug Markets Report (EDMR) 2019”. At: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/drugs-library/shifting-sands-%E2%80%94-libya%E2%80%99s-changing-drug-trafficking-dynamics-coastal-and-desert-borders_en (accessed 12 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  214. Middle East Eye (2020): “Haftar forces block Libya oil exports, raising stakes for Sunday's Berlin Peace Summit”. At: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/haftar-forces-block-libya-oil-exports-raising-stakes-berlin-peace-summit (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  215. NOC, National Oil Corporation (2016): “The National Oil Corporation announces revenues from exports of oil and its derivatives for the months of September and October 2020”. At: https://noc.ly/index.php/en/new-4/6201-the-national-oil-corporation-announces-revenues-from-exports-of-oil-and-its-derivatives-for-the-months-of-september-and-october-2020 (accessed 18 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  216. NOVA.news (2021): “Libia: ecco la bozza della legge per le elezioni presidenziali”. At: https://www.nova.news/esclusiva-libia-ecco-la-bozza-della-legge-per-le-elezioni-presidenziali/ (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  217. OPEC, Organisation of Oil Exporting Countries (n.d.): “Libya facts and figures”. At: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/166.htm (accessed 26 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  218. O’Sullivan, Meghan (2010): “Iran and the Great Sanctions Debate”. In: The Washington Quarterly, 33, 4, pp. 7-21. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  219. Pietz, Tobias (2020): “Operation Irini is wrong, for Libya and for sea rescues”. At: https://euobserver.com/opinion/148307 (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  220. Porsia, Nancy (2017): “The kingpin of Libya's human trafficking mafia”. At: <https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/libya-human-trafficking-mafia-in-zawiya-301505> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  221. Public Eye/TRIAL International (2020): “Libyan fuel smuggling. A Swiss trader sailing through troubled waters”. At: http://stories.publiceye.ch/dirtyoil-libya/ (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  222. Rubino, Giulio/Anesi, Cecilia/Bagnoli, Lorenzo (2018): “Death in a smugglers’ paradise”. At: https://www.occrp.org/en/thedaphneproject/death-in-a-smugglers-paradise (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  223. Scavo, Nello (2019): “La trattativa nascosta. Dalla Libia a Mineo, il negoziato tra l'Italia e il boss”. At: https://www.avvenire.it/attualita/pagine/dalla-libia-al-mineo-negoziato-boss-libico (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  224. Scavo, Nello (2021): “Libia. E ora Bija, sospetto trafficante, seleziona e addestra i futuri guardacoste”. At: <https://www.avvenire.it/attualita/pagine/ora-bija-seleziona-e-addestra-i-nuovi-guardacoste> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  225. The Global Economy (n.d.): “Libya: gasoline prices”. At: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Libya/gasoline_prices/ (accessed 28 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  226. Time (1972): “MALTA: Gaddafi to the rescue”. At: http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,877632,00.html (accessed 10 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  227. TRIAL International (2020): “Smuggling Libyan gasoil: a Swiss trader navigates through troubled waters”. At: <https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/smuggling-libyan-gasoil-a-swiss-trader-navigates-through-troubled-waters/> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  228. Tribunale di Catania, Sezione del Giudice per le Indagini Preliminari (2017): Ordinanza di custodia cautelare. Il Giudice per le Indagini Perliminari dott. Carlo Cannella, N. 113543/15 R.G.G.I.P.; N. 19269/14 R.G.N.R. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  229. Turner, Ezla (2021): “Some of Libya's refineries resume, Ras Lanuf remains offline”. At: https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/110520-refinery-news-roundup-some-of-libyas-refineries-resume-ras-lanuf-remains-offline (accessed 28 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  230. UK Parliament - European Union Committee (2017): “Operation Sophia: a failed mission”. At: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldeucom/5/502.htm (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  231. UN News (2021): “Libya: ‘historic moment’ as UN-led forum selects new interim leadership”. At: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1084022 (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  232. UN Panel of Experts (2018): “Letter dated 5 September 2018 from the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council”. At: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2018_812.pdf (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  233. UN Panel of Experts (2021): “Letter dated 8 March 2021 from the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council”. At: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3905159?ln=en#record-files-collapse-header (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  234. UN Security Council (2018): “Sanctions list. Narrative summaries of reasons for listing: Mohammed Kachlaf”. At: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1970/materials/summaries/individual/mohammed-kachlaf (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  235. UN Security Council (2020): “Resolution 2509 (2020). Adopted by the Security Council at its 8719th Meeting, on 11 February 2020”. At: https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2509(2020) (accessed 1 November 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  236. United Nations (2020): “Security Council extends measures against illicit export of petroleum from Libya, adopting Resolution 2509 (2020)”. At: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14105.doc.htmhttps://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14105.doc.htm (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  237. UNSMIL, United Nations Support Mission in Libya (2020a): “ASRSG Stephanie Williams attends the first meeting between NOC and the PFG commanders of eastern and western regions, hosted by Breiga’s Sirte Oil Company”. At: <https://unsmil.unmissions.org/asrsg-stephanie-williams-attends-first-meeting-between-noc-and-pfg-commanders-eastern-and-western> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  238. UNSMIL, United Nations Support Mission in Libya (2020b): “UNSMIL welcomes arrest as a major step towards accountability, rule of law and dismantling criminal networks”. At: https://unsmil.unmissions.org/unsmil-welcomes-arrest-major-step-towards-accountability-rule-law-and-dismantling-criminal-networks (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  239. Varvelli, Arturo/Villa, Matteo (2019): “Italy’s Libyan conundrum. The risks of short-term thinking”. At: https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_italys_libyan_conundrum_the_risks_of_short_term_thinking/ (accessed 18 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  240. Vella, Matthew (2015): “Battle of Libyan sovereign funds spills over into Maltese courts”. At: https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/business/business_news/52797/battle_of_libyan_sovereign_funds_spills_over_into_maltese_courts#.YVCgokZBw4g (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  241. Westcott, Tom (2020): “Running on empty. Oil-rich Libya hit by extreme fuel shortages”. At: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/extreme-fuel-shortages-hit-oil-rich-libya (accessed 19 October 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-309
  242. Alexander, Peter (2013): “Marikana, turning point in South African history”. In: Review of African Political Economy, 40, 138, pp. 605-619. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  243. Alexander, Peter/Sinwell, Luke/Lekgowa, Thapelo/Mmope, Botsang/Xezwi, Bongani (2013): Marikana. A view from the mountain and a case to answer. Johannesburg: Jacana. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  244. Carry, Inga/Müller, Melanie (forthcoming): “Addressing environmental injustices in South African artisanal gold mining”. In: Nalule, Victoria R./Okoi, Obasesam/ Okafor Yarwood, Ife (eds.): Natural resource governance and sustainable peace in Africa. Environmental justice and conflict resolution. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  245. Cairncross, E./Kisting, S. (2016): “Platinum and gold mining in South Africa. The context of the Marikana massacre”. In: New Solutions, 25, 4, pp. 513-534. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  246. Clark, Christopher (2019): “’There's a lot of money down there’. The deadly cities of gold beneath Johannesburg”. At: <https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/oct/24/theres-a-lot-of-money-down-there-the-deadly-cities-of-gold-beneath-johannesburg> (accessed 8 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  247. Crawford, Gordon/Agyeyomah, Coleman/Mba, Atinga (2017): “Ghana - Big Man, Big Envelope, Finish. Chinese corporate exploitation in small-scale mining”. In: Engels, Bettina/Dietz, Kristina (eds.): Contested extractivism, society and the state. Struggles over mining and land. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 69-99. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  248. Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (2017): “Briefing session: Portfolio Committee on Police. Tackling illicit mining activities impacting South Africa. Presentation Lieutenant General Matakata”. At: <https://static.pmg.org.za/171114Illicit_Mining.pdf> (accessed 1 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  249. DMRE, Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (2021): “Discussion document. Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Policy. Second draft, V2”. At: <https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Draft-Small-Scale-and-Artisanal-Mining-Policy-5-May-2021.pdf> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  250. Durand, Francois (2012): “The impact of gold mining on the Witwatersrand on the rivers and karst system of Gauteng and North West Province, South Africa”. In: Journal of African Earth Sciences, 68, pp. 24-43. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  251. Engels, Bettina (2016): “Mining conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. Actors and repertoires of contention”. In: GLOCON Working Paper Series, 2. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  252. Engels, Bettina (2017): “Not all glitter is gold. Mining conflicts in Burkina Faso”. In: Engels, Bettina/Dietz, Kristina (eds.): Contested extractivism, society and the state. Struggles over mining and land. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 149-170. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  253. Engels, Bettina (2019): “Handwerklicher Bergbau”. In: Brunner, Jan/Dobelmann, Anna/Kirst, Sarah/Prause, Louisa (eds.): Wörterbuch Land- und Rohstoffkonflikte. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, pp. 135-140. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  254. Engels, Bettina/Dietz, Kristina (2017): Contested extractivism, society and the state. Struggles over mining and land. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  255. Environmental Justice Atlas (2021): “Zama zama gold mining in Durban Deep, Gauteng, South Africa”. At: <https://ejatlas.org/conflict/zama-zama-gold-mining-in-durban-deep-south-africa> (accessed 1 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  256. Eunomix (2016): “A review of the UNCTAD report on trade misinvoicing, with a focus on South Africa’s gold export”. At: <https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/industry-news/media-releases/2017/send/29-2017/471-independent-review-of-the-unctad-report-final> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  257. European Commission (2022): “Just and sustainable economy. Commission lays down rules for companies to respect human rights and environment in global value chains”. At: <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1145> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  258. Grynberg, Roman/Singogo, Fwasa (2021a): “Dubai: Conflict gold, money laundering and illicit global trade”. In: Grynberg, Roman/Singogo, Fwasa K. (eds.): African gold. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 315-355. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  259. Grynberg, Roman/Singogo, Fwasa (2021b): “Taxation and illicit financial flows in the gold mining sector”. In: Grynberg, Roman/Singogo, Fwasa K. (eds.): African gold. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 443-469. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  260. Grynberg, Roman/Singogo, Fwasa (2021c): “Trade and the smuggling of gold from West Africa to the UAE”. In: Grynberg, Roman/Singogo, Fwasa K. (eds.): African gold. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 217-245. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  261. Harrisberg, Kim (2020): “Exclusive: Fears rise for illegal South African miners hiding underground in virus lockdown”. At: <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-safrica-exclusive-idUSKBN22B1F9> (accessed 10 February 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  262. Hilson, Gavin (2020): “‘Formalization bubbles’: A blueprint for sustainable artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in sub-Saharan Africa”. In: The Extractive Industries and Society, 7, 4, pp. 1624-1638. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  263. Hilson, Gavin/Maconachie, Roy (2020): “Artisanal and small-scale mining and the Sustainable Development Goals: Opportunities and new directions for sub-Saharan Africa”. In: Geoforum, 111, pp. 125-141. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  264. Hilson, Gavin/Mondlane, Salvador/Hilson, Abigail/Arnall, Alex/Laing, Tim (2021): “Formalizing artisanal and small-scale mining in Mozambique. Concerns, priorities and challenges”. In: Resources Policy, 71. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  265. Hilson, Gavin/Sauerwein, Titus/Owen, John (2020): “Large and artisanal scale mine development. The case for autonomous co-existence”. In: World Development, 130. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  266. Human Rights Watch (2020): “‘They have robbed me of my life’”. At: <https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/09/17/they-have-robbed-me-my-life/xenophobic-violence-against-non-nationals-south> (accessed 10 February 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  267. Hunter, Marcena (2019): “Combating criminal consortia in the African artisanal and small-scale gold mining and trade sector”. At: <https://enact-africa.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/2019-04-24-pulling-the-golden-webs-research-paper.pdf> (accessed 15 April 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  268. Hunter, Marcena/Sibanda, Mukasiri/Opala, Ken/Kaka, Julius/Modi, Lucy (2019): “Illicit gold markets in East and Southern Africa”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Illicit-gold-markets-in-East-and-Southern-Africa-GITOC-.pdf> (accessed 10 February 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  269. Interview with Lethoko, Shawn, NAAM, online, 3 March 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  270. Interview with Nel, Lauren, Legal Resource Centre, Johannesburg, 4 March 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  271. Interview with Nhlengetwa, Kgothatso, researcher, online, 1 April 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  272. Johnson, Cecilia (2016): “Lethal toll of informal gold mining”. At: <https://www.groundup.org.za/article/lethal-toll-informal-gold-mining/> (accessed 10 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  273. Lezhnev, Sasha (2021): “Conflict gold to responsible gold. A roadmap for companies and governments”. At: <https://cdn.thesentry.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ConflictGoldResponsibleGold-TheSentry-Feb2021.pdf> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  274. Lusilao-Makiese, Julien/Cukrowska, Ewa/Tessier, Emmanuel/Amouroux, David/Weiersbye, Isabel (2013): “The impact of post gold mining on mercury pollution in the West Rand region, Gauteng, South Africa”. In: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 134, pp. 111-119. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  275. Luthango, Sikho (2022): “Extraterritorial obligations in the governance gap. South Africa’s mine closures and the utility of binding international legal frameworks”. At: <https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/46314/extraterritorial-obligations-in-the-governance-gap> (accessed 1 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  276. Macua & Wamua (2021): “Submissions on the Draft Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Policy 2021”. At: <https://macua.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/MACUA-WAMUA-Submission-On-ASM-Policy-June-21.pdf> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  277. Marais, Lochner/Nel, Verna/Rani, Kholisa/van Rooyen, Deidré/Sesele, Kentse/van der Watt, Phia/Du Plessis, Lyndon (2021): “Economic transitions in South Africa’s secondary cities. Governing mine closures”. In: Politics and Governance, 9, 2, pp. 381-392. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  278. Martin, Alan (2019a): “Solving South Africa’s Violent and Costly Zama Zama Problem”. At: <https://issafrica.org/iss-today/solving-south-africas-violent-and-costly-zama-zama-problem> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  279. Martin, Alan (2019b): “Uncovered. The dark world of the Zama Zamas”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ENACT-Policy-Brief-008-Zama-Zama-24Apr1115-WEB.pdf> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  280. Medina Bernal, Javier/Cuenca Castelblanco, Tatiana/Serrano Pérez, Catalina/Carrillo González, Lorena (2019): “Gold Mining and local communities in Southern Córdoba in Colombia, the case of El Alacrán mine”. At: <https://www.tecnologialibredeconflicto.org/wp-content/uploads/documentos/ALBOAN-MineriaColombia-en.pdf> (accessed 15 April 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  281. Mhlongo, Sphiwe E./Amponsah-Dacosta, Francis/Muzerengi, Confidence/Gitari, Wilson M./Momoh, Abuh (2019): “The impact of artisanal mining on rehabilitation efforts of abandoned mine shafts in Sutherland goldfield, South Africa”. In: Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11, 2. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  282. Minerals Council South Africa (n.d.): “Illegal Mining”. At: <https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/work/illegal-mining> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  283. Minerals Council South Africa (2019): Facts and figures. Pocketbook 2019. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  284. Müller, Melanie (2021): „South Africa’s social and political challenges. Covid exacerbates socioeconomic inequalities amid ANC infighting”. At: <https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/south-africas-social-and-political-challenges> (accessed 1 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  285. Muthuri, Judy/Jain, Aditya/Ndegwa, Arthur/Mwagandi, Shadrack/Tagoe, Naa (2021): “The impact of Covid-19 on gold and gemstone artisanal and small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa. The case of Ghana and Kenya”. In: Africa Journal of Management, 7, 1, pp. 121-147. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  286. NAAM, National Association of Artisanal Miners (2019): “Media Statement: 04 September 2019”. At: <https://macua.org.za/2019/10/27/national-association-of-artisanal-miners-media-statement-04-september-2019/> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  287. Nhlengetwa, Kgothatso/Hein, Kim (2015): “Zama-Zama mining in the Durban Deep/Roodepoort area of Johannesburg, South Africa. An invasive or alternative livelihood?”. In: The Extractive Industries and Society, 2, 1, pp. 1-3. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  288. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2016): “OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas”. At: <https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/OECD-Due-Diligence-Guidance-Minerals-Edition3.pdf> (accessed 14 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  289. Parliamentary Monitoring Group (2017): “Illegal Mining: Hawks & Department of Mineral Resources briefing”. At: <https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/24894/> (accessed 1 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  290. Prause, Louisa (2014): “If you put a catfish next to a caiman. Truning the local into global: resistance against land grabbing in Senegal”. At: <https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/Standpunkte/policy_paper/PolicyPaper_05-2014.pdf> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  291. PwC (2021): “SA Mine 2021. Harvest season, call to action”. At: <https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Draft-Small-Scale-and-Artisanal-Mining-Policy-5-May-2021.pdf> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  292. Refinitiv (2020): “GFMS Gold Survey. H2 2019 Update & Outlook”. At: <https://images.marketing.refinitiv.com/Web/ThomsonReutersFinancialRisk/%7B08b444af-7357-485a-a6fc-4b2047c237f0%7D_GS19_H2_Update_for_Eikon_compressed.pdf?elqTrackId=105e8a3c0fa648ed9ce9def3e17653e6&elqaid=8538&elqat=2> (accessed 10 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  293. Responsible Minerals Initiative (n.d.): “Conflict Affected and High-Risk Areas (CAHRAs)”. At: <https://www.responsiblemineralsinitiative.org/minerals-due-diligence/risk-management/conflict-affected-and-high-risk-areas/> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  294. Roberts, Richard James/Dixon, Roger/Merkle, Roland (2016): “Distinguishing between legally and illegally produced gold in South Africa”. In: Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61, pp. 230-236. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  295. Shandro, Janis/Veiga, Marcello/Chouinard, Rebecca (2009): “Reducing mercury pollution from artisanal gold mining in Munhena, Mozambique”. In: Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 5, pp. 525-532. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  296. Statistics South Africa (2020): “Quarterly Labour Force Survey. Quarter 4: 2019”. At: <https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02114thQuarter2019.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  297. Statistics South Africa (2020): “Quarterly Labour Force Survey. Quarter 4: 2019”. At: <https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02114thQuarter2021.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  298. SWISSAID (2020): “Golden Detour. The hidden face of the gold trade between the United Arab Emirates and Switzerland”. At: <https://swissaid.kinsta.cloud/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/SWISSAID-Goldstudie-EN_final-web.pdf> (accessed 10 February 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  299. The Sentry (2018): “The Golden Laundromat. The conflict gold trade from Eastern Congo to the United States and Europe”. At: <https://cdn.thesentry.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/GoldenLaundromat_Sentry_Oct2018-final.pdf> (accessed 15 April 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  300. Thornton, Robert (2014): “Zamazama, ‘illegal’ artisanal miners, misrepresented by the South African Press and Government”. In: The Extractive Industries and Society, 1, 2, pp. 127-129. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  301. UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2016): “Trade Misinvoicing in Primary Commodities in Developing Countries. The cases of Chile, Côte d’Ivoir, Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia”. At: <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/suc2016d2_en.pdf> (accessed 10 February 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  302. UNICRI, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (2016): “Strengthening the security and integrity of the precious metals supply chain. Technical report”. At: <https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/component/jdownloads/send/25-downloads/342-unicri-repor> (accessed 1 March 2023). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  303. Wagner, Livia/Hunter, Marcena (2020): “Links between artisanal and small-scale gold mining and organized crime in Latin America and Africa”. In: Zabyelina, Yuliya/van Uhm, Daan (eds.): Illegal mining. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 77-104. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  304. Wan, Pei (2014): “Environmental justices and injustices of large-scale gold mining in Ghana. A study of three communities near Obuasi”. In: The Extractive Industries and Society, 1, 1, pp. 38-47. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  305. Wet, Phillip de (2021): “Illegal miners will get licences and help under a new govt plan - if they’re South African”. At: <https://www.businessinsider.co.za/illegal-mining-formalisation-is-part-of-the-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining-draft-government-plan-2021-5> (accessed 1 March 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  306. Williams, Lee (2019): “Gold laudering: The new alchemy”. At: <https://www.minespider.com/blog/gold-laundering-the-new-alchemy> (accessed 10 February 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  307. World Bank (2018): Overcoming poverty and inequality in South Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  308. Young, Steven/Fernandes, Shannon/Wood, Michael (2019): “Jumping the Chain. How Downstream Manufacturers Engage with Deep Suppliers of Conflict Minerals”. In: Resources, 8, 1. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-337
  309. Actualidad Ambiental (2020): “Relator de la ONU recoge demandas de defensores de derechos humanos en Madre de Dios”. At: <https://www.actualidadambiental.pe/relator-de-ddhh-de-la-onu-recoge-demandas-de-comunidades-nativas-en-madre-de-dios/> (accessed 27 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  310. Amazon Conservation Association (2014): “Fact Sheet: Illegal Gold Mining in Madre De Dios, Peru”. At: www.amazonconservation.org/pdf/gold <http://www.amazonconservation.org/pdf/gold_> (accessed 25 February 2015). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  311. Amengual, Matthew/Dargent, Eduardo (2020): “The social determinants of enforcement”. In: Brinks, Daniel M./Levitsky, Steven/Murillo, Maria V. (eds.): The politics of institutional weakness in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161-182. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  312. Arriarán, Gabriel/Chávez, Susana (2017): “Espacios de frontera y excepción. Encuentros entre los servicios y necesidades de salud de las mujeres en La Pampa”. PROMSEX. At: <http://promsex.org/publicaciones/espacios-de-frontera-y-excepcion/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  313. Asner, Gregory/Tupayachi, Raul (2016): “Accelerated losses of protected forests from gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon”. In: Environmental Research Letters, 12, 9, pp. 94004. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  314. Bargent, James (2015): “A seizure, a lawsuit and illegal gold from Peru”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/seizure-a-lawsuit-and-illegal-gold-from-peru/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  315. Bebbington, Anthony/Elisa, Arond/Dammert, Juan Luis (2016): Scalar politics and transnational governance innovations. A political settlements lens on the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative in the Andes. Manchester: Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre (ESID), The University of Manchester. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  316. Bebbington, Anthony/Bury, Jeffrey (2013): Subterranean struggles. New dynamics of mining, oil, and gas in Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  317. Bebbington, Anthony/Humphreys Bebbington, Denise/Bury, Jeffrey/Lingan, Jeannet/Muñoz, Juan/Scurrah, Martin (2008): “Mining and social movements. Struggles over livelihood and rural territorial development in the Andes”. In: World Development, 36, 12, pp. 2888-2905. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  318. Betancur, María Soledad (2019): “Producción minera, territorio y conflicto en Colombia. Retos globales y locales para la protección de los derechos humanos y el medio ambiente”. At: <https://www.germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Studie%20MINER%C3%8DA%20DEL%20ORO%2C%20TERRITORIO%20Y%20CONFLICTO%C2%A0EN%20COLOMBIA%2C%202019.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  319. Caballero Espejo, Jorge/Messinger, Max/Román-Dañobeytia, Francisco/Ascorra, Cesar/Fernandez, Luis/Silman, Miles (2018): “Deforestation and forest degradation due to gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon: a 34-year perspective”. In: Remote Sensing, 10, 12, pp. 1903. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  320. Campanini, Oscar (2020): „El negocio del mercurio en Bolivia. Estudio sobre la comercialización para la minería aurifera en Bolivia”. At: <https://www.iucn.nl/app/uploads/2021/03/regional_mercury_report_bolivia.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  321. Castilla, Óscar (2018): “Perú: investigan lavandería de oro de la minería ilegal”. At: <https://ojo-publico.com/764/peru-investigan-lavanderia-de-oro-de-la-mineria-ilegal> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  322. Cawley, Marguerite (2014): “Peru’s illegal miners trafficking gold to Bolivia”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-illegal-miners-trafficking-gold-to-bolivia/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  323. CONAP, Confederación de Nacionalidades Amazónicas del Perú (2007): Explotación minera a pequeña escala entre los Harakmbut y Awajun de la Amazonía Peruana. Lima: CONAP. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  324. Cortés-McPherson/Dolores (2019): “Labor trafficking of men in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining camps of Madre de Dios. A reflection from the “diaspora networks” perspective”. In: Winterdyk, John A./Jones, Jackie (eds.): The Palgrave International Handbook of human trafficking. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1785-1802. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  325. Cortés-McPherson, Dolores (2020): “Peru: Curtailing smuggling, regionalizing trade”. In: Verbrugge, Boris/Geenen, Sara (eds.): Global gold production touching ground. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 135-149. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  326. Cruz, Rodrigo (2019): "Perú es el principal exportador de oro ilegal a Suiza, el centro mundial de la refinería". At: <https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/actualidad/peru-principal-exportador-oro-ilegal-suiza-noticia-ecpm-648272-noticia/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  327. Damonte, Gerardo Hector (2018): “Mining formalization at the margins of the state. Small-scale miners and state governance in the Peruvian Amazon”. In: Development and Change, 49, 5, pp. 1314-1335. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  328. Damonte, Gerardo Hector (2021): “Limited state governance and institutional hybridization in ASGM in Peru”. In: Resources Policy, 72, pp. 102118. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  329. Dargent, Eduardo/Feldmann, Andreas/Luna, Juan (2017): “Greater state capacity, lesser stateness”. In: Politics & Society, 45, 1, pp. 3-34. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  330. De Jong, Edwin/Knippenberg, Luuk/Bakker, Laurens (2017): “New frontiers. An enriched perspective on extraction frontiers in Indonesia”. In: Critical Asian Studies, 49, 3, pp. 330-348. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  331. Dupraz-Dobias, Paula (2020): “High gold prices spur more illegal mining in Peru”. At: <https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/gold-finds-favour-in-the-pandemic-but-at-what-cost-/45987080> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  332. Echave, José de (2016): “La minería ilegal en Perú. Entre la informalidad y el delito”. NUSO 263. At: <https://nuso.org/articulo/la-mineria-ilegal-en-peru-entre-la-informalidad-y-el-delito/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  333. Fernández Felipe-Morales, Lourdes (2010): Desarrollo territorial en Madre de Dios. Los impactos socioambientales de la carretera Interoceánica Sur. Lima: Pronaturaleza Fundacíon Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  334. Fiestas, Fiorella (2021): “#Elecciones2021: Minería ilegal en Madre de Dios y la tarea del próximo gobierno”. At: <https://www.actualidadambiental.pe/cual-es-el-panorama-de-la-lucha-contra-la-mineria-ilegal-en-madre-de-dios/> (accessed 27 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  335. Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (2016): “Organized crime and illegally mined gold in Latin America”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Organized-Crime-and-Illegally-Mined-Gold-in-Latin-America.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  336. Gray, Andrew (1986): And after the gold rush…? Human rights and self-development among the Amarakaeri of southeastern Peru. Copenhagen: IWGIA. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  337. Hartnett, Alexandra/Dawdy, Shannon Lee (2013): “The archaeology of illegal and illicit economies”. In: Annual Review of Anthropology, 42, 1, pp. 37-51. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  338. Humphreys Bebbington, Denise/Bebbington, Anthony (2010): “Anatomy of a regional conflict. Tarija and resource grievances in Morales's Bolivia”. In: Latin American Perspectives, 37, 4, pp. 140-160. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  339. Goi, Leonardo (2017): “Peru-US gold case shows how importer shifted gears”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/peru-us-gold-case-shows-how-importer-shifted-gears/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  340. Jelin, Elizabeth/Motta, Renata/Costa, Sérgio (eds.) (2018): Global entangled inequalities. Conceptual debates and evidence from Latin America. London, New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  341. Krasner, Steven (1983): International Regimes. Ithaca/New York: Cornell University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  342. Lemos, Maria/Agrawal, Arun (2006): “Environmental Governance”. In: Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 31, 1, pp. 297-325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.31.042605.135621. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  343. León Pacheco, Lucía (2020): “Minería artesanal y a pequeña escala en el Perú. La formalización que nunca llega”. Lima: Derecho, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (DAR). At: <https://dar.org.pe/mineria-artesanal-y-a-pequena-escala-en-el-peru-la-formalizacion-que-nunca-llega/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  344. Markham, Kate/Sangermano, Florencia (2018): “Evaluating wildlife vulnerability to mercury pollution from artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Madre de Dios, Peru”. In: Tropical Conservation Science, 11, pp. 194008291879432. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  345. Montaño Pastrana, Fiorella (2020): “Más de 1500 toneladas de oro se exportaron desde el Perú sin que se sepa quién las extrajo” At: <https://convoca.pe/investigacion/mas-de-1500-toneladas-de-oro-se-exportaron-desde-el-peru-sin-que-se-sepa-quien-las> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  346. Montoya, Percy (2018): Estudio de la cadena de abastecimiento, comercialización y distribución de mercurio en la MAPE en el Perú. Artisanal Gold Council. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  347. Mosquera, César (2009): Estudio diagnóstico de la actividad minera artesanal en Madre de Dios. Lima: Fundación Conservación Internacional. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  348. Novak, Fabián/Namihas, Sandra (2009): La trata de personas con fines de explotación laboral. El caso de la minería aurífera y la tala ilegal de madera en Madre de Dios. Lima: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, Oficina Regional para los Países Andinos. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  349. Olivier de Sardan, Jean Pierre (2015): “Practical norms. Informal regulations within public bureaucracies (in Africa and beyond)”. In: De Herdt, Tom/Olivier de Sardan, Jean Pierre (eds.): Real governance and practical norms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The game of rules. London: Routledge, pp. 20-62. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  350. Pachas, Víctor Hugo (2011a): A propósito del Plan Nacional para la Formalización de la Minería Artesanal en el Perú. Lima. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  351. Pachas, Víctor Hugo (2011b): Historia de una incertidumbre. Habitat, conflicto y poder en la minería artesanal de oro de Perú. Lima: Earth First SAC. At: <https://www.gomiam.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/pachas-historia-de-una-incertidumbre.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  352. Peluso, Nancy/Lund, Christian (2011): “New frontiers of land control: introduction”. In: Journal of Peasant Studies, 38, 4, pp. 667-681. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  353. Poveda, Pablo (2015): El oro en la economía internacional. In: Poveda Ávila, Pablo/Nogales, Neyer/Calla Ortega, Ricardo (eds.): “El oro en Bolivia. Mercado, producción y medio ambiente”. La Paz: CEDLA, Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario (CEDLA), pp. 1-69. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  354. Saffon, Sergio (2020a): “Soaring gold prices during pandemic fuel Peru’s illegal mining”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-coronavirus-illegal-mining/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  355. Saffon, Sergio (2020b): “Satellite images show evolution of illegal gold mining in Peru”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/satellite-images-gold-mining-peru/> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  356. Salas, Guillermo (2008): Dinámica social y minería. Familias pastoras de puna y la presencia del proyecto Antamina (1997 - 2002). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  357. Salazar, Elisabeth/Castro, Jonathan (2018): “Los cuadernos de la esclavitud en Madre de Dios”. At: <http://ojo-publico.com/596/los-cuadernos-de-la-esclavitud-en-madre-de-dios> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  358. Schorr, Bettina (2013): “From business to war. Causes of transitional violence by the Mexican drug cartels”. In: Behemoth, 6, 1, pp. 55-73. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  359. Sierra Praeli, Yvette (2020): “Perú: asesinan a líder indígena y mafias siguen operando durante emergencia por COVID-19”. At: <https://es.mongabay.com/2020/04/peru-crimen-lider-indigena-y-actividades-ilegales/> (accessed 27 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  360. SIICEX, Sistema Integrado de Información de Comercio Exterior (2019): “Comercio De Oro. Partidas Arancelarias Del Producto Exportadas En Los Ultimos Años”. At: <https://www.siicex.gob.pe/siicex/portal5ES.asp%3f_page_%3d172.17100%26_portletid_%3dsfichaproductoinit%26scriptdo%3dcc_fp_init%26pproducto%3d%2024%20%26pnomproducto%3d%20Anillo%20de%20Oro> (accessed 3 May 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  361. Sindzingre, Alice (2006): “The relevance of the concepts of formality and informality. A theoretical appraisal”. In: Guha-Khasnobis, Basudeb/Kanbur, Ravi/Ostrom, Elinor (eds.): Linking the formal and informal economy: Concepts and policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 58-73. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  362. Society for Threatened Peoples (2016): “Dealings in illegal gold. Swiss, US and Italian refineries under suspicion. STP report - summary in English”. At: <https://www.gfbv.ch/wp-content/uploads/summary_englishgold_report_march16-1.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  363. Steele, Sarah (2013): “Human trafficking, labor brokering, and mining in Southern Africa. Responding to a decentralized and hidden public health disaster”. In: International Journal of Health Services, 43, 4, pp. 665-680. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  364. Taussig, Michael (1986): Shamanism, colonialism, and the wild man. A study in terror and healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  365. Torres Cuzcano, Víctor (2015): “Minería ilegal e informal en el Perú. Impacto socioeconómico”. Lima: CooperAcción. At: <http://cooperaccion.org.pe/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Libro_Mineria_Ilegal,%20Victor%20Torres%20Cuzcano.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  366. UN Environment (2019): “Global mercury assessment 2018”. At: <https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  367. Valdés, Ricardo/Basombrío, Carlos/Vera, Dante (2019): Minería no formal en el Perú. Realidades, tendencias y ¿soluciones?. Lima: KAS. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  368. Valencia, Lenin (2014): Madre de Dios: ¿Podemos evitar la tragedia? Políticas de ordenamiento de la minería aurífera. Lima: Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental (SPDA). At: <http://www.actualidadambiental.pe/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Madre-de-Dios-Podemos-evitar-la-tragedia-SPDA.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  369. Verbrugge, Boris/Geenen, Sara (eds.) (2020): Global gold production touching ground. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  370. Wieland, Patrick (2020): “Hernando de Soto, the lone prospector and the formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining. A case study from La Rinconada, Peru”. In: Environment, Law and Policy Journal, 43, 1, pp. 1-66. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  371. Wiener, Leonidas (2019): La gobernanza de la minería en pequeña escala en el Perú. Lima: CooperAcción. At: <http://cooperaccion.org.pe/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/La-Gobernanza-de-la-Miner%C3%ADa.pdf> (accessed 28 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  372. Workman, Daniel (n.d.): “Gold imports by country”. At: <https://www.worldstopexports.com/international-markets-for-imported-gold-by-country/> (accessed November 11, 2020). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  373. World Gold Council (n.d.): “Major global trading hubs”. At: <https://www.gold.org/gold-market-structure/global-gold-market> (accessed 27 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  374. Zevallos, Nicolás (2017): “Dinámicas locales en torno al cultivo de hoja de coca. Elementos para el estudio desde el mercado ilegal de la cocaína”. In: Revista de Ciencia Política y Gobierno, 4, 7, pp. 9-29. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-361
  375. Abbott, Kenneth/Snidal, Duncan (2000): “Hard and soft law in international governance”. In: International Organization, 54, pp. 421-456. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  376. Abbott, Kenneth/Snidal, Duncan (2009): “Strengthening international regulation through Transnational New Governance. Overcoming the orchestration deficit”. In: Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 42, pp. 501-578. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  377. Autesserre, Séverine (2010): The trouble with the Congo. Local violence and the failure of international peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  378. Autesserre, Séverine (2012): “Dangerous tales. Dominant narratives on the Congo and their unintended consequences”. In: African Affairs, 111, 443, pp. 202-222. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  379. Ballentine, Karen/Sherman, Jake (2003): “Introduction”. In: Ballentine, Karen/Sherman, Jake (eds.): The political economy of armed conflict. Beyond greed and grievance. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 1-15. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  380. Bryceson, Deborah Fahy/Jønsson, Jesper Bosse (2010): “Gold digging careers in rural East Africa. Small-scale miners’ livelihood choices”. In: World Development, 38, 3, pp. 379-392. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  381. Buhmann, Karin (2015): “Business and human rights. Understanding the UN Guiding Principles from the perspective of transnational business governance interactions”. In: Transnational Legal Theory, 6, 2, pp. 399-434. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  382. China Chamber of Commerce of Metals, Minerals & Chemicals Importers & Exporters (2014): “Guidelines for social responsibility in outbound mining investments”. At: <http://www.cccmc.org.cn/docs/2014-10/20141029161135692190.pdf> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  383. Collier, Paul/Hoeffler, Anke (2004): “Greed and grievance in civil war”. In: Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 4, pp. 563-595. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  384. Cuvelier, Jeroen/Van Bockstael, Steven/Vlassenroot, Koen/Iguma, Claude (2014): “Analyzing the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on Congolese livelihoods”. At: <https://www.ssrc.org/publications/view/analyzing-the-impact-of-the-dodd-frank-act-on-congolese-livelihoods> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  385. Cuvelier, Jeroen/Vlassenroot, Koen/Olin, Nathaniel (2014): “Resources, conflict and governance: A critical review”. In: The Extractive Industries and Society, 1, 2, pp. 340-350. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  386. Donaldson, Thomas/Preston, Lee (1995): “The stakeholder theory of the corporation. Concepts, evidence, and implications”. In: The Academy of Management Review, 20, 1, pp. 65-91. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  387. EPRM (n.d.): “The European Partnership for Responsible Minerals”. At: <https://europeanpartnership-responsibleminerals.eu> (accessed 8 November 2020). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  388. Finnemore, Martha/Sikkink, Kathryn (1998): “International norm dynamics and political change”. In: International Organization, 52, 4, pp. 887-917. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  389. Florini, Ann/Simmons, P.J. (2000): “What the world needs now?”. In: Florini, Ann (ed.): The third force. The rise of transnational civil society. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 1-15. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  390. Geenen, Sara (2012): “A dangerous bet. The challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo”. In: Resources Policy, 37, 3, pp. 322-330. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  391. Geenen, Sara/Custers, Raf (2010): “Tiraillements autour du secteur minier de l’Est de la RDC”. In: Marysse, Stefaan/Reyntjens, Filip/Vandeginste, Stef (eds.): L’Afrique des Grands Lacs. Annuaire 2009-2010. Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 231-258. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  392. Gillies, Alexandra (2010): “Reputational concerns and the emergence of oil sector transparency as an international norm”. In: International Studies Quarterly, 54, 1, pp. 103-126. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  393. Global Witness (2009): “Faced with a gun, what can you do?” War and the militarisation of mining in Eastern Congo. London: Global Witness. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  394. Global Witness (2010): ‘The hill belongs to them’: The need for international action on Congo’s conflict minerals trade. London: Global Witness. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  395. Government of the DRC (2011): “Note circulaire n° 002/ CAB.MIN/MINES/01/2011 du 6 septembre 2011 relative à l’Application obligatoire des directives et recommandations du Guide du Devoir de diligence de l’OCDE et de la résolution 1952 (2010) du Conseil de Sécurité de l’ONU dans le secteur minier Congolais”. At: <https://cdn.globalwitness.org/archive/files/library/note_circulaire_oecdguidelines_06092011.pdf> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  396. Government of the DRC (2012a): “Arrêté ministériel n° 0057/CAB.MIN/MINES/01/2012 du 29 février 2012 portant mise en œuvre du mécanisme régional de certification de la Conférence Internationale sur la Région des Grands Lacs « CIRGL », en République Démocratique du Congo”. At: <https://www.mines-rdc.cd/fr/wp-content/uploads/documents/Arrete_0057_2012.pdf> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  397. Government of the DRC (2012b): “Arrêté ministériel n° 0058/CAB.MIN/MINES/01/2012 du 29 février 2012 fixant les procédures de qualification et de validation des sites miniers des filières aurifère et stannifère dans les provinces du Katanga, du Maniema, du Nord Kivu, du Sud Kivu et de la Province Orientale”. At: <https://www.mines-rdc.cd/fr/wp-content/uploads/documents/Arrete_0058_2012.pdf> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  398. Gunningham, Neil/Grabosky, Peter (1998): Smart regulation. Designing environmental policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  399. Gunningham, Neil/Rees, Joseph (1997): “Industry self-regulation. An institutional perspective”. In: Law & Policy, 19, 4, pp. 363-414. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  400. Haufler, Virginia (2001): A public role for the private sector. Industry self-regulation in a global economy. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  401. Haufler, Virginia (2003): “New forms of governance. Certification regimes as social regulations of the global market”. In: Meidinger, Errol/Elliott, Christopher/Oesten, Gerhard (eds.): Social and political dimensions of forest certification. Remagen: Kessel, pp. 237-247. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  402. Haufler, Virginia (2009): “The Kimberley Process certification scheme. An innovation in global governance and conflict prevention”. In: Journal of Business Ethics, 89, pp. 403-416. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  403. Hilson, Gavin (2010): “‘Once a miner, always a miner’: poverty and livelihood diversification in Akwatia, Ghana”. In: Journal of Rural Studies, 26, 3, pp. 296-307. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  404. Hoffmann, Kasper/Vlassenroot, Koen/Marchais, Gauthier (2016): “Taxation, stateness and armed groups. Public authority and resource extraction in Eastern Congo”. In: Development and Change, 47, 6, pp. 1434-1456. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  405. IMPACT (2020): “The intermediaries. Traders who threaten the Democratic Republic of Congo’s efforts for conflict-free gold”. At: <https://impacttransform.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/The-Intermediaries_Sept-2020_EN-web.pdf> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  406. International Labour Organization (2006): “Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy”. Fourth Edition. At: <https://ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2006/106B09_303_engl.pdf> (accessed 27 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  407. IPIS (2020): “Artisanal mining in DR Congo - IPIS open data dashboard”. At: <https://ipisresearch-dashboard.shinyapps.io/open_data_app/> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  408. Keck, Margaret/Sikkink, Kathryn (1998): Activists beyond borders. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  409. Koch, Dirk-Jan/Burlyuk, Olga (2020): “Bounded policy learning? EU efforts to anticipate unintended consequences in conflict minerals legislation”. In: Journal of European Public Policy, 27, 10, pp. 1441-1462. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  410. Koch, Dirk-Jan/Kinsbergen, Sara (2018): “Exaggerating unintended effects? Competing narratives on the impact of conflict minerals regulation”. In: Resources Policy, 57, pp. 255-263. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  411. Le Billon, Philippe (2000): “The political ecology of transition in Cambodia 1989-1999. War, peace and forest exploitation”. In: Development and Change, 31, 4, pp. 785-805. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  412. Neumann, Martin/Barume, Bali/Ducellier, Benoît/Ombeni, Alain/Näher, Uwe/Schütte, Philip/von Baggehufwudt, Ulrike/Ruppen, Désirée/Weyns, Yannick (2019): Traceability in artisanal gold supply chains in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lessons learned from the Kampene gold pilot project. Hanover: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  413. Newell, Peter (2001a): “Environmental NGOs, TNCs, and the question of governance”. In: Stevis, Dimitris/Assetto, Valerie (eds.): The international political economy of the environment. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 85-107. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  414. Newell, Peter (2001b): “Managing multinationals. The governance of investment for the environment”. In: Journal of International Development, 13, pp. 907-919. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  415. Nielsen, Vibeke/Parker, Christine (2008): “To what extent do third parties influence business compliance?”. In: Journal of Law and Society, 35, 3, pp. 309-340. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  416. OECD (2011): OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. 2011 Edition. Paris: OECD Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  417. OECD (2013): OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. Second Edition. Paris: OECD Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  418. Oliviero, Melanie/Simmons, Adele (2002): “Who’s minding the store? Global civil society and corporate social responsibility”. In: Glasius, Marlies/Kaldor, Mary/Anheier, Helmut (eds.): Global civil society 2002. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 77-107. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  419. Parker, Dominic/Foltz, Jeremy/Elsea, David (2016): “Unintended consequences of sanctions for human rights. Conflict minerals and infant mortality”. In: The Journal of Law and Economics, 59, 4, pp. 731-774. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  420. Parker, Dominic/Vadheim, Bryan (2017): “Resource cursed or policy cursed? US regulation of conflict minerals and violence in the Congo”. In: Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 4, 1, pp. 1-49. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  421. Perks, Rachel (2011): “‘Can I Go?’ - Exiting the artisanal mining sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo”. In: Journal of International Development, 23, 8, pp. 1115-1127. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  422. Prendergast, John (2009): “Can you hear Congo now? Cell phones, conflict minerals, and the worst sexual violence in the world”. At: https://enoughproject.org/files/Can%20Your%20Hear%20Congo%20Now.pdf (accessed 29 September 2020). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  423. Price, Richard (2003): “Transnational civil society and advocacy in world politics”. In: World Politics, 55, 4, pp. 579-606. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  424. Radley, Ben/Vogel, Christoph (2015): “Fighting windmills in Eastern Congo? The ambiguous impact of the ‘conflict minerals’ movement”. In: The Extractive Industries and Society, 2, 3, pp. 406-410. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  425. RAND Europe (n.d.): “Indicative, non-exhaustive list of conflict-affected and high-risk areas under Regulation (EU) 2017/821”. At: <https://www.cahraslist.net/cahras> (accessed 7 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  426. Ross, Michael (2004a): “How do natural resources influence civil war? Evidence from thirteen cases”. In: International Organization, 58, 1, pp. 35-67. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  427. Ross, Michael (2004b): “What do we know about natural resources and civil war?”. In: Journal of Peace Research, 41, 3, pp. 337-356. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  428. Schneiberg, Marc/Bartley, Tim (2008): “Organizations, regulation, and economic behaviour. Regulatory dynamics and forms from the nineteenth to twenty-first century”. In: Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 4, pp. 31-61. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  429. Schütte, Philip (2019): “International mineral trade on the background of due diligence regulation. A case study of tantalum and tin supply chains from East and Central Africa”. In: Resources Policy, 62, pp. 674-689. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  430. Seay, Laura (2015): “Conflict Minerals in Congo. The consequences of oversimplification”. In: de Waal, Alex (ed.): Advocacy in Conflict. Critical Perspectives on Transnational Activism. London: Zed Books, pp. 115-141. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  431. Stoop, Nik/Verpoorten, Marijke/van der Windt, Peter (2018): “More legislation, more violence? The impact of Dodd-Frank in the DRC”. In: PLoS ONE, 13, 8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  432. United Nations (2001): “Report of the Panel of Experts on the illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo”. At: <https://www.undocs.org/S/2001/357> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  433. United Nations (2011): Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  434. United Nations (2017): “Final report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo”. At: <https://www.undocs.org/S/2017/672/Rev.1> (accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  435. van der Velde, Steffen (2017): “The end of conflict minerals on the EU market?”, ASSER Policy Brief No. 2017-01. At: <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2930215> (accessed 7 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  436. van Erp, Judith/Faure, Michael/Liu, Jing/Karavias, Markos/Nollkaemper, André/Philipsen, Niels (2019): “Introduction. The concept of smart mixes for transboundary environmental harm”. In: van Erp, Judith/Faure, Micheal/Nollkaemper, André/Philipsen, Niels (eds.): Smart mixes for transboundary environmental harm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-24. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  437. Vogel, Christoph/Raeymaekers, Timothy (2016): “Terr(it)or(ies) of peace? The Congolese mining frontier and the fight against ‘conflict minerals’”. In: Antipode, 48, 4, pp. 1102-1121. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  438. Vogel, David (2008): “Private global business regulation”. In: Annual Review of Political Science, 11, pp. 261-282. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-385
  439. Albanese, Jay (2015): Organized crime. From the mob to Transnational Organized Crime. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  440. Andreas, Peter/Greenhill, Kelly M. (eds.) (2010): Sex, drugs, and body counts. The politics of numbers in global crime and conflict. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  441. Andreas, Peter (2011): “Illicit globalization. Myths, misconceptions, and historical lessons”. In: Political Science Quarterly, 126, 3, pp. 403-425. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  442. Beckert, Jens/Dewey, Matías (2017): The architecture of illegal markets. Towards an economic sociology of illegality in the economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  443. Catino, Maurizio (2019): Mafia organizations. The visible hand of criminal enterprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  444. Collins, John (2018): “Rethinking ‘flexibilities’ in the international drug control system. Potential, precedents and models for reforms”. In: International Journal of Drug Policy, 60, pp. 107-114. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  445. CoEU, Council of the European Union (2003): “A secure Europe in a better world. European security strategy. 15895/03, Brussels, 8 December 2003”. At: <https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15895-2003-INIT/en/pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  446. Dávila, Anayansi/Magliocca, Nicholas/McSweeney, Kendra/Rueda, Ximena (2021): “Spatialising illicit commodity chains. Comparing coffee and cocaine”. In: Area, 53, 3, pp. 501-510. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  447. Dewey, Matías/Dohmen, Caspar/Engwicht, Nina/Hübschle, Annette (2019): Schattenwirtschaft. Die Macht der illegalen Märkte. Berlin: Wagenbach. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  448. European Commission (2021): “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the EU Strategy to tackle Organised Crime 2021-2025. COM/2021/170 final”. At: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0170> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  449. EU, European Union (2016): “Shared vision, common action: a stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy”. At: <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3eaae2cf-9ac5-11e6-868c-01aa75ed71a1> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  450. Europol (2021): European Union Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA). A corrupting influence: the infiltration and undermining of Europe’s economy and society by organised crime. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  451. Galeotti, Mark (2001): „Underworld and upperworld. Transnational organized crime and global society”. In: Josselin, Daphné/Wallace/William (eds.): Non-state actors in world politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 203-217. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  452. Gilman, Nils/Goldhammer, Jesse/Weber, Steven (2013): “Deviant globalization”. In: Miklaucic, Michael/Brewer, Jacqueline (eds.): Convergence. Illicit networks and national security in the age of globalization. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, pp. 3-14. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  453. Hall, Tim (2013): “Geographies of the illicit. Globalization and organized crime”. In: Progress in Human Geography, 37, 3, pp. 366-385. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  454. Hudson, Ray (2014): “Thinking through the relationships between legal and illegal activities and economies. Spaces, flows and pathways”. In: Journal of Economic Geography, 14, 4, pp. 775-795. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  455. Mackenzie, Simon (2002): “Organised crime and common transit networks”. In: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 233. At: <https://traffickingculture.org/publications/mackenzie-s-2002-organised-crime-common-transit-networks-trends-issues-in-crime-and-criminal-justice-no-233-canberra-australian-institute-of-criminology/> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  456. Magliocca, Nicholas/Torres, Aurora/Margulies, Jared/McSweeney, Kendra/Arroyo-Quiroz, Inés et al. (2021): “Comparative analysis of illicit supply network structure and operations. Cocaine, wildlife, and sand“. In: Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 3, 1, pp. 50-73. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  457. Pearce, Frank/Woodiwiss, Michael (eds.) (1993): Global crime connections. Dynamics and control. London: Palgrave. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  458. Reuter, Peter (1983): Disorganized Crime <https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/disorganized-crime>. Illegal Markets and the Mafia. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  459. Stridsman, Mats/Østensen, Åse Gilje (2017): Shadow value chains. Tracing the link between corruption, illicit activity and lootable natural resources from West Africa. Bergen: U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr. Michelsen Institute. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  460. UNGA, United Nations General Assembly (2015): Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A/RES/70/1, 21 October 2015. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  461. Van Schendel, Willem/Abraham, Itty (eds.) (2005a): Illicit flows and criminal things: states, borders, and the other side of globalization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  462. Van Schendel, Willem/Abraham, Itty (2005b): „Introduction. The making of illicitness”. In: Van Schendel, Willem/Abraham, Itty (eds.): Illicit flows and criminal things: states, borders, and the other side of globalization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 1-37. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  463. Von Lampe, Klaus (2012): "Transnational organized crime challenges for future research". In: Crime, Law and Social Change, 58, pp. 179-194. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  464. World Bank (2011): World Development Report 2011. Conflict, security, and development. Washington DC. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-13
  465. Abano, Imelda/Chavez, Leilani Chavez: “Wildlife trafficking, like everything else, has gone online during COVID-19”. At: <https://news.mongabay.com/2021/06/wildlife-trafficking-like-everything-else-has-gone-online-during-covid-19/> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  466. Andreas, Peter (n.d.): “Criminalized conflict. The clandestine political economy of war and peace in the Balkans”. At: <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/261-criminalized-conflict-the-clandestine-political-economy-war-and-peace-the-balkans> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  467. BBC (2021): “Mexico marijuana. Top court decriminalises recreational use of cannabis”. At: <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-57645016> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  468. Beckhusen, Robert (2012): “Killing drug cartel bosses isn’t working, says top U.S. General”. At: <https://www.wired.com/2012/03/cartel-general/> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  469. Bitdefender (2021): “New Bitdefender Report Reveals Top Global Cyberthreats”. At: <https://www.bitdefender.com/news/new-bitdefender-report-reveals-top-global-cyberthreats-3977.html> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  470. Bonello, Deborah/Reitano, Tuesday/Shaw, Mark (2021): “A handbook for community responses to countering extortion”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Extortion-handbook-WEB-1.pdf> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  471. Carnegie Civic Research Network (2021): “Civil society and the global pandemic. Building back different?”. At: <https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/09/30/civil-society-and-global-pandemic-building-back-different-pub-85446> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  472. Chandra, Wahyu (2021): “Illegal loggers use pandemic as cover to ramp up activity in Sulawesi”. At: <https://news.mongabay.com/2021/05/illegal-loggers-use-pandemic-as-cover-to-ramp-up-activity-in-sulawesi/> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  473. Chaparro, Luis (2021): “Mexico’s war on cartels has created 400 new gangs that are taking on the police and cartels that are left”. At: <https://www.businessinsider.com/fragmentation-in-mexico-war-on-drugs-created-400-new-gangs-2021-10?r=US&IR=T> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  474. Clavel, Tristan (2017): “What LatAm cities can learn from the failures of Brazil’s UPP policing model”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/what-latam-cities-can-learn-brazil-upp-policing-model/> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  475. Earthsight (2020): “Flatpåcked Förests. IKEA’s illegal timber problem and the flawed green label behind it”. At: <https://www.earthsight.org.uk/flatpackedforests-en> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  476. Earthsight (2021): “IKEA’s house of horrors. The stolen Russian forests being greenwashed into kids’ furniture”. At: <https://www.earthsight.org.uk/news/investigations/ikea-house-of-horrors> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  477. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021): “Impact of COVID-19 on drug markets, use, harms and drug services in the community and prisons. Results from an EMCDDA trendspotter study. April 2021”. At: <https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13745/TD0321143ENN_002.pdf> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  478. Farber, David (2021): “The War on Drugs turns 50 today. It’s time to make peace”. At: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/06/17/war-drugs-turns-50-today-its-time-make-peace/> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  479. Felbab-Brown, Vanda (2020): “Detoxifying Colombia’s Drug Policy. Colombia’s counternarcotics options and their impact on peace and state building”. At: <https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FP_20200106_colombia_drug_policy_felbabbrown.pdf> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  480. Ferguson, Kate (2020): Architectures of violence. The command structures of modern mass atrocities. London: Hurst. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  481. Ferreira, Susana (2017): “Portugal’s radical drugs policy is working. Why hasn’t the world copied it?”. At: <https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/05/portugals-radical-drugs-policy-is-working-why-hasnt-the-world-copied-it> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  482. Glenny, Misha (2009): McMafia. Seriously organised crime. London: Random House. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  483. GI-TOC, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (2019): “The Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Index, January 2019”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/IUU-Fishing-Index-Report-web-version.pdf> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  484. GI-TOC, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (2021): “Global Organized Crime Index 2021”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/GITOC-Global-Organized-Crime-Index-2021.pdf> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  485. IOM Libya, International Organization for Migration Libya (2021): “IOM Maritime Update”. Twitter, 13 September 2021. At: <https://twitter.com/iom_libya/status/1437419820442599428> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  486. INTERPOL (2020): “COVID-19 impact on migrant smuggling and human trafficking”. At: <https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2020/COVID-19-impact-on-migrant-smuggling-and-human-trafficking> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  487. Jeong, Bok Gyo/Kim, Sung-Ju (2021): “The government and civil society collaboration against COVID-19 in South Korea. A single or multiple actor play?”. In: Nonprofit Policy Forum, 12, 1, pp. 165-187. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  488. Mandić, Danilo (2020): Gangsters and other statesmen. Mafias, separatists and torn states in a globalized world. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  489. Maron, Dina Fine (2021): “Wildlife seizures are down - and an illicit trade boom may be coming”. At: <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/wildlife-seizures-dropped-in-2020-but-an-illicit-trade-boom-may-be-coming> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  490. Mbzibain, Aurelian/Mohsen Mohamed, Habiba/Baur, Daniela/Jara Cazares, Cristina (2021): “Experiences from Frontline Forest Communities: Covid-19 impacts on Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, women and forest and wildlife illegality in the Congo Basin”. At: <https://cidt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Experiences-from-Frontline-Forest-Communities.pdf> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  491. McDermott, Jeremy/Bargent, James/den Held, Douwe/ Ramírez, Maria Fernanda (2021): “The cocaine pipeline to Europe”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/The-cocaine-pipeline-to-Europe-GI-TOCInsightCrime.pdf> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  492. National Research Council (2020): Understanding the demand for illegal drugs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  493. Nellemann, C./Henriksen, R./Kreilhuber, A./Stewart, D./Kotsovou, M./Raxter, P./Mrema, E./Barrat, S. (eds.) (2016): “The rise of environmental crime - a growing threat to natural Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  494. Resources, peace, development and security. A UNEP-INTERPOL rapid response assessment”. At: <https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7662> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  495. Nellemann, C./Henriksen, R./Pravettoni, R./Stewart, D./Kotsovou, M./Schlingemann, M.A.J/Shaw, M./Reitano, T. (eds) (2018): “World Atlas of Illicit Flows”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Atlas-Illicit-Flows-FINAL-WEB-VERSION-copia-compressed.pdf> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  496. New York Times (2016): “Mexico’s kingpin strategy against the drug cartels”. At: <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/16/world/americas/mexicos-kingpin-strategy-against-the-drug-cartels.html> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  497. Peacock, Amy/Bruno, Raimondo/Gisev, Natasa/Degenhardt, Louisa/Hall, Wayne et al. (2019): “New psychoactive substances. Challenges for drug surveillance, control, and public health responses”. In: Lancet, 394, 10209, pp. 1668-1684. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  498. Reuter, Peter/Pardo, Bryce (2021): “Can new psychoactive substances be regulated effectively? An assessment of the British Psychoactive Substances Bill”. In: Addiction, 112, 1, pp. 23-31. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  499. Shaw, Mark/Reitano, Tuesday (2021): Criminal contagion. How mafias, gangsters and scammers profit from a pandemic. London: Hurst Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  500. Shear, Michael D./Perlroth, Nicole/Krauss, Clifford Krauss (2021): “Colonial pipeline paid roughly $5 million in ransom to hacker” At: <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/us/politics/biden-colonial-pipeline-ransomware.html> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  501. Shultz, George/Aspe, Pedro (2017): “The failed war on drugs”. At: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/31/opinion/failed-war-on-drugs.html> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  502. Tennant, Ian/Collins, John/Eligh, Jason (2020): “Smoke signals. The evolving status of cannabis under the international drug-control regime”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/cannabis-status-drug-control/> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  503. TRAFFIC (2021): “Record elephant ivory seizure of 626 kg in Cameroon”. At: <https://www.traffic.org/news/record-elephant-ivory-seizure-of-626-kg-in-cameroon/> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  504. UNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2020): “Act now to alleviate suffering at reception centres on Greek islands - UNHCR’s Grandi”. At: <https://www.unhcr.org/uk/news/press/2020/2/5e4fe4074/act-alleviate-suffering-reception-centres-greek-islands-unhcrs-grandi.html> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  505. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (n.d.-a): “Mechanism for the review of the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/review-mechanism-untoc/home.html> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  506. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (n.d.-b): “Transnational organized crime: the globalized illegal economy”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/organized-crime.html> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  507. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (n.d.-c): “United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CND/index.html> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  508. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020): “Global synthetic drugs assessment 2020”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Global_Synthetic_Drugs_Assessment_2020.pdf> (accessed 3 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  509. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021): “World Drug Report 2021, booklet 2”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/res/wdr2021/field/WDR21_Booklet_2.pdf> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  510. Weisse, Mikaela/Goldman, Liz (2021): “Primary rainforest destruction increased 12 % from 2019 to 2020”. At: <https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/global-tree-cover-loss-data-2020/> (accessed 28 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  511. Wunder, Sven/Kaimowitz, David/Jensen, Stig/Feder, Sarah (2021): “Coronavirus, macroeconomy, and forests: What likely impacts?”. In: Forest Policy and Economics, 131, 102536. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-29
  512. Aguiar de Medeiros, Carlos/Trebat, Nicholas (2017): “Inequality and income distribution in global value chains”. In: Journal of Economic Issues, 51, 2, pp. 401-408. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  513. Alderman, Kimberly L. (2012): “Honor amongst thieves. Organized crime and the illicit antiquities trade”. In: Indiana Law Review, 45, 3, pp. 601-627. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  514. Aldridge, Judith/Décary-Hétu, David (2016): “Cryptomarkets and the future of illicit drug markets”. In: EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2015): The internet and drug markets. Lisbon, pp. 23-32. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  515. Amineddoleh, Leila (2013): “The role of museums in the trade of black market cultural heritage property”. In: Art, Antiquity and Law, 18, pp. 227-254. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  516. Andreas, Peter (2011): “Illicit globalization. Myths, misconceptions, and historical lessons”. In: Political Science Quarterly, 126, 3, 403-425. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  517. Anzoom, Rashid/Nagi, Rakesh/Vogiatzis, Chrysafis (2022): “A review of research in illicit supply-chain networks and new directions to thwart them”. In: IISE Transactions, 54, 2, pp. 134-158. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  518. Athar Project (2019): “Facebook’s black market in antiquities”. At: <http://atharproject.org/report2019/> (accessed 20 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  519. Aziani, Alberto/Berlusconi, Giulia/Giommoni, Luca (2021): “A quantitative application of enterprise and social embeddedness theories to the transnational trafficking of cocaine in Europe”. In: Deviant Behavior, 42, 2, pp. 245-267. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  520. Ballester, Coralio/Calvó-Armengol, Antoni/Zenou, Yves (2006): “Who’s who in networks. Wanted: the key player”. In: Econometrica, Econometric Society, 74, 5, pp. 1403-1417. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  521. Basu, Gautam (2014): “Concealment, corruption, and evasion. A transaction cost and case analysis of illicit supply chain activity”. In: Journal of Transportation Security, 7, pp. 209-226. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  522. Biglaiser, Gary/Li, Fei (2018): “Middlemen: the good, the bad, and the ugly”. In: Rand Journal of Economics, 49, 1, 3-22. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  523. Bird, Lucia (2021): “West Africa’s cocaine corridor. Building a subregional response”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/West-Africas-Cocaine-Corridor-GITOC.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  524. Brodie, Neil/Kersel, Morag M./Mackenzie, Simon/Sabrine, Isber/Smith, Emiline/Yates, Donna (2022): “Why there is still an illicit trade in cultural objects and what we can do about it”. In: Journal of Field Archaeology, 47, 2, pp. 117-130. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  525. Brombacher, Daniel/Maihold, Günther (2009): Cocaine trafficking to Europe. Options of supply control. Berlin: SWP Research Paper 10. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  526. Campbell, Peter B. (2013): “The illicit antiquities trade as a transnational criminal network. Characterizing and anticipating trafficking of cultural heritage”. In: International Journal of Cultural Property, 20, 2, pp. 113-153. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  527. Carley, Kathleen M./Lee, Ju-Sung/Krackhardt, David (2002): “Destabilizing networks”. In: Connections, 24, 3, pp. 79-92. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  528. Cattaneo, Olivier/Gereffi, Gary/Staritz, Cornelia (2010): Global value chains in a postcrisis world. A development perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  529. Cowdrey, David (2002): “Switching channels: wildlife trade routes into Europe and the UK. A World Wildlife Fund/TRAFFIC Report”. At: <http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/switchingchannels.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  530. Davis, Nicholas (2021): “The FBI’s operation Trojan shield. Infiltrating criminal groups through their phones”. At: <https://www.american.edu/sis/centers/security-technology/operation-trojan-shield.cfm> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  531. De Rios, Marlene Dobkin/Smith, David E. (1977): “Drug use and abuse in cross cultural perspective”. In: Human Organization, 36, 1, pp. 14-21. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  532. Deville, Duncan (2013): “The illicit supply chain”. In: Miklaucic, Michael/Brewer, Jacqueline (eds.): Convergence. Illicit networks and national security in the age of globalization. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, pp. 63-74. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  533. Dishman, Chris (2001): "Terrorism, crime, and transformation”. In: Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 24, 1, pp. 43-58. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  534. EIA, Environmental Investigation Agency (2019): “Condenando el bosque. Ilegalidad y falta de gobernanza en la Amazonía colombiana”. At: <https://www.condenandoelbosque.org/> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  535. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2015): The internet and drug markets. Summary of results from an EMCDDA Trendspotter study. Lisbon. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  536. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2016): The internet and drug markets, Lisbon. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  537. Europol (2021): Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2021. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  538. Farah, Douglas <http://connections-qj.org/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=2147> (2012): “Fixers, super fixers and shadow facilitators. How networks connect <http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20120423_Farah_FixersSuperFixersShadow.pdf>” At: <http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20120423_Farah_FixersSuperFixersShadow.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  539. Felbab-Brown <https://www.brookings.edu/experts/vanda-felbab-brown/>, Vanda/Niño, Catalina (2021): “Legalizing drugs and illegal economies is no panacea for Latin America and the rest of the world”. At: <https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/legalizing-drugs-and-illegal-economies-is-no-panacea-for-latin-america-and-the-rest-of-the-world/> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  540. Foley, Sean/Karlsen, Jonathan R./ Putniņš, Tālis J. (2019): “Sex, drugs, and bitcoin: How much illegal activity is financed through cryptocurrencies?”. In: The Review of Financial Studies, 32, 5, pp. 1798-853. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  541. García, Tania (2013): “Dimensión social del tráfico ilícito de bienes culturales”. In: Revista De Museología, 3, pp. 20-34. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  542. Garzón, Juan Carlos/Olinger, Marianna/Rico, Daniel M./Santamaría, Gema (2013): The criminal diaspora. The spread of transnational organized crime and how to contain its expansion. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  543. Gereffi, Garry (2001): “Shifting governance structures in global commodity chains, with special reference to the internet”. In: American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 10, 1616-1637. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  544. Gilman, Nils/Goldhammer, Jesse/Weber, Steven (2013): “Deviant globalization”. In: Michael Miklaucic/Jacqueline Brewer (eds.): Convergence. Illicit networks and national security in the age of globalization. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, pp. 3-14. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  545. Giommoni, Luca/Aziani, Alberto/Berlusconi, Giulia (2017): “How do illicit drugs move across countries? A network analysis of the heroin supply to Europe”. In: Journal of Drug Issues, 47, pp. 217-240. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  546. Granovetter, Mark (1973): “The strength of weak ties”. In: American Journal of Sociology, 78, 6, pp. 1360-1380. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  547. Greenpeace (2014): “Amazonía, una crisis silenciosa”. At: <https://archivo-es.greenpeace.org/espana/es/Informes-2014/Mayo/Amazonia-una-crisis-silenciosa/> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  548. Greenpeace (2014): “The Amazon's silent crisis. Night terrors”. At: www.greenpeace.de/files/publications/gp_amz_silent_crimefile_v6.5.pdf <http://www.greenpeace.de/files/publications/gp_amz_silent_crimefile_v6.5.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  549. Greenpeace (2015): “The Amazon's Silent Crisis. License to Launder”. At: <https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/planet3/PDFs/Amazon5Ways.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  550. Greenpeace (2018): “Árboles imaginarios, destrucción real”. At: <https://es.greenpeace.org/es/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2018/03/INFORME-Arboles-imaginarios-destrucci%C3%B3n-real-20mar2018-2.pdf> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  551. Hall, Tim (2013): “Geographies of the illicit. Globalization and organized crime”. In: Progress in Human Geography, 37, 3, pp. 366-385. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  552. Kleinschmit, Daniela/ Mansourian, Stephanie/Wildburger, Christoph/Purret, Andre (2016): Illegal logging and related timber trade. Dimensions, drivers, impacts and responses: A Global Scientific Rapid Response Assessment. Vienna: IUFRO. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  553. Lavorgna, Anita (2014): “Wildlife trafficking in the Internet age. The changing structure of criminal opportunities”. In: Crime Science, 3, 5, pp. 1-12. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  554. MacDermott, Jeremy (2021): “Cocaine to Europe. An underestimated threat”. At: <https://insightcrime.org/investigations/cocaine-europe-underestimated-threat/> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  555. Mackenzie, Simon (2002): “Organised crime and common transit networks”. In: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 233. At: <https://traffickingculture.org/publications/mackenzie-s-2002-organised-crime-common-transit-networks-trends-issues-in-crime-and-criminal-justice-no-233-canberra-australian-institute-of-criminology/> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  556. Mackenzie, Simon (2005): Going, going, gone. Regulating the market in illicit antiquities. Leicester: Institute of Art and Law. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  557. Mackenzie, Simon (2011): “The market as criminal and criminals in the market. Reducing opportunities for organised crime in the international antiquities market”. In: Manacorda, Stefano/Chappell, Duncan (eds.): Crime in the art and antiquities world. Illegal trafficking in cultural property. New York: Springer, pp. 69-86. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  558. Maihold <https://www.swp-berlin.org/wissenschaftler-in/guenther-maihold>, Günther/Mühlhöfer, Fabian (2021): Supply chain instability threatens security of supplies. Options for industry and policymakers. Berlin: SWP Comment 2021/C 60. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  559. Manners-Bell, John (2018): Supply chain risk management. Understanding emerging threats to global supply chains. London/New York: Kogan Page. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  560. Meneghini, Cecilia/Aziani, Alberto/Dugato, Marco (2020): “Modeling the structure and dynamics of transnational illicit networks. An application to cigarette trafficking”. In: Applied Network Science, 5, 21, pp. 1-27. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  561. Muirhead, Jacob/Porter, Tony (2019): “Traceability in global governance”. In: Global Networks, 19, pp. 423-443. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  562. Neumann, Vanessa (2013 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010021002018>): “Grievance to greed. The global convergence of the crime-terror threat”. In: Orbis, 57, 2, pp. 251-267 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  563. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019): Recommendation on countering illicit trade. Enhancing transparency in free trade zones. Paris. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  564. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/EUIPO, European Union Intellectual Property Office (2017): Trade in counterfeit pharmaceutical products. Paris: OECD Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  565. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/EUIPO, European Union Intellectual Property Office (2018): Trade in counterfeit goods and free trade zones. evidence from recent trends. Paris: OECD Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  566. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/EUIPO, European Union Intellectual Property Office (2020): Trade in counterfeit pharmaceutical products, illicit trade. Paris: OECD Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  567. Passas, Nikos (2002): “Cross-border crime and the interface between legal and illegal actors”. In: van Duyne, Petrus C./von Lampe, Klaus/Passas, Nikos (eds.): Upperworld and underworld in cross-border crime. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, pp. 443-462. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  568. Persi Paoli, Giacomo/Aldridge, Judith/Ryan, Nathan/Warnes, Richard (2017): “Behind the curtain. The illicit trade of firearms, explosives and ammunition on the dark web” At: <https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2091.html> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  569. Phelps, Jacob/Biggs, Duan/Webb, Eduard L. (2016): “Tools and terms for understanding illegal wildlife trade”. In: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14, 9, pp. 479-489. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  570. Ponte, Stefano/Gibbon, Peter (2005): “Quality standards, conventions and the governance of global value chains”. In: Economy and Society 34, 1, pp. 1-31. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  571. Proulx, Blythe Bowman (2011): “Organized criminal involvement in the illicit antiquities trade”. In: Trends in Organized Crime, 14, 1, pp. 1-29. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  572. Rettberg, Angelika/Ortiz-Riomalo, Juan Felipe (2016): “Golden opportunity, or a new twist on the resource-conflict relationship. Links between the drug trade and illegal gold mining in Colombia”. In: World Development, 84, pp. 82-96. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  573. Santamaría, Gema (2013): “La difusión y contención del crimen organizado en la región México-Centroamérica”. In: Olson, Eric/Garzón, Juan Carlos (eds): La diáspora criminal. La difusión transnacional del Crimen Organizado y cómo contener su expansión. Washington D.C: Woodrow Wilson Center, pp. 59-100. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  574. Schneider, Jacqueline L. (2008): “Reducing the illicit trade in endangered wildlife. The market reduction approach”. In: Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24, 3, pp. 274-295. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  575. Stridsman, Mats/Østensen, Åse Gilje (2017): Shadow value chains. Tracing the link between corruption, illicit activity and lootable natural resources from West Africa. Bergen: U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr. Michelsen Institute. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  576. Tijhuis, Antonius Johannes Gerhardus (2006): Transnational crime and the interface between legal and illegal actors. The case of the illicit art and antiquities trade. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  577. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2005): Transnational organized crime in the West African region. Vienna/New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  578. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021): At the Crossroads of Licit and Illicit. Tramadol and other pharmaceutical opioids trafficking in West Africa. UNODC: Vienna. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  579. USAID/GI-TOC, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (2020): “Strengthening Rule of Law approaches to address organized crime. Criminal Market Convergence”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/strengthening-rule-of-law-approaches-to-address-organized-crime-criminal-market-convergence/> (accessed 7 June 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  580. Van Uhm, Daan P./Moreto, William D. (2018): “Corruption within the illegal wildlife trade. A symbiotic and antithetical enterprise”. In: The British Journal of Criminology, 58, 4, pp. 864-885 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  581. Working Group, Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions (2009): Typologies on the role of intermediaries in international business transactions. Paris: OECD-DAF. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  582. WWF, World Wildlife Fund (2021): “Paremos el negocio de la extinción”. At: <https://traficoespecies.wwf.es/> (accessed 22 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  583. Wyatt, Tania/van Uhm, Daan/Nurse, Angus (2020): “Differentiating criminal networks in the illegal wildlife trade. Organized, corporate and disorganized crime”. In: Trends in Organized Crime, 23, pp. 350-366. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-53
  584. Albanian Interior Ministry (n.d.): “Raporti Mujor”. At: https://mb.gov.al/raporti-mujor/ (accessed 20 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  585. Catania Today (2017): “Traffico di droga tra l'Albania e la Sicilia. Chiuse le indagini”. At: https://www.cataniatoday.it/cronaca/droga-albania-sicilia-concluse-indagini-18-dicembre-2017.html (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  586. Council of Europe: Commissioner for Human Rights (2014): “Report by Nils Muižnieks Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe. Following his visit to Albania from 23 to 27 September 2013”. At: https://rm.coe.int/ref/CommDH(2014)1 (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  587. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021): “European drug report. Trends and developments”. At: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13838/TDAT21001ENN.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  588. European Western Balkans (2019): “Bundestag adopts nine conditions for Tirana and general guidelines for negotiations”. At: https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/09/27/bundestag-adopts-nine-conditions-for-tirana-and-general-guidelines-for-negotiations/ (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  589. Europol (2020): “Joint investigation team leads to dismantling of one of Europe’s most active Albanian-speaking networks trafficking cocaine into Europe”. At: https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/joint-investigation-team-leads-to-dismantling-of-one-of-europe%E2%80%99s-most-active-albanian-speaking-networks-trafficking-cocaine (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  590. GI-TOC, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (2019): “Hotspots of organized crime in the Western Balkans. Local vulnerabilities in a regional context”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Hotspots-Report-English-13Jun1110-Web.pdf> (accessed 5 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  591. GI-TOC, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (2020): “The civil society observatory to counter organized crime in South Eastern Europe. Risk Bulletin”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SEEObs-Risk-Bulletin-1.pdf> (accessed 5 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  592. Guardia di Finanza (2013): “Individuate 500 piantagioni di marijuana”. At: https://www.gdf.gov.it/chi-siamo/organizzazione/specializzazioni/comparto-aeronavale/servizio-aereo/reparti/lazio/sezione-aerea-pratica-di-mare/notizie/individuate-500-piantagioni-di-marijuana (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  593. Kemp, Walter (2020): “Transnational tentacles. Global hotspots of Western Balkan organized crime”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Transnational-Tentacles-Global-Hotspots-of-Balkan-Organized-Crime-ENGLISH_MRES.pdf> (accessed 5 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  594. Kemp, Walter/Amerhauser, Kristina/Scaturro, Ruggero (2021): “Spot Prices. Analyzing flows of people, drugs and money in the Western Balkans”. At: https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Spot-Prices-Analyzing-flows-of-people-drugs-and-money-in-the-Western-Balkans.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  595. Koleka, Benet (2019): “Albanian ex-minister cleared on drug charges, guilty of abuse of office”. At: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-albania-minister-corruption-idUSKBN1W5005 (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  596. Mejdini, Fatjona/Amerhauser, Kristina (2019): “Growing like weeds? Rethinking Albania’s culture of cannabis cultivation”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/AlbaniaCannabis.14.12.web_.pdf> (accessed 5 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  597. Muço, Marta (1997): “Economic Transition in Albania. Political Constraints and Mentality Barriers”. At: https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/95-97/muco.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  598. Museo Storico Guardia di Finanza (n.d.): “Le missioni internazionali della Guardia di Finanza (1899 - 2009)”. At: http://museostorico.gdf.it/mostre/mostra-storica-interforze/missione_internazionale.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  599. Official Journal of the Republic of Albania (2017): “Decision of the Council of Ministers No. 248, dated 29.3.2017, for the approval of the action plan against cultivation and trafficking of cannabis 2017-2020 [own translation]”. At: https://mb.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Plani_Kombetar_i_Veprimit_kunder_kultivimit_te_kanabisit_2017_-_2020-1.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  600. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (1992): “Report on the Exodus of Albanian nationals. Rapporteur Wilfried Böhm, Germany, CDU”. At: https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=6888&lang=EN (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  601. Reitano, Tuesday/Amerhauser, Kristina (2020): “Illicit financial flows in Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia. Key drivers and current trends.” At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IFFs-Balkans-English-WEB-Nov2020-1.pdf> (accessed 5 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  602. Republika e shqipërisë Prokuroria e përgjithshme (2017): “Raport i prokurorit të përgjithshëm mbi gjendjen e kriminalitetit për vitin 2016”. At: <http://www.pp.gov.al/rc/doc/raporti_pp_2016_07_03_2017_1160.pdf> (accessed 5 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  603. The New York Times (1997): “Violent Protests of Pyramid Schemes Spread in Albania”. At: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/27/world/violent-protests-of-pyramid-schemes-spread-in-albania.html (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  604. Transparency International/IDM, Institute for Democracy and Mediation (2021): “Deconstructing state capture in Albania. An examination of grand corruption cases and tailor-made laws from 2008 to 2020”. At: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2021_Report_DeconstructingStateCaptureAlbania_English.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  605. UNDOC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020): “World drug report 2020”. At: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/field/WDR20_Booklet_2.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  606. Weaver, Matthew (2017): “Albanian gangs have significant control over UK cocaine market, says crime agency”. At: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/29/albanian-gangs-control-uk-cocaine-market-says-agency (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  607. Zhilla, Fabian/Lamallari, Besfort (2016): “Evoluimi i strukturave të organizuara kriminale në shqipëri”. At: https://www.osfa.al/sites/default/files/evolimi_i_strukturave_te_organizuara_kriminale_ne_shqiperi.pdf (accessed 10 December 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-85
  608. Behrens, Timo/Brombacher, Daniel (2015): „Transnationale Organisierte Kriminalität“. In: Jäger, Thomas (ed.): Handbuch Sicherheitsgefahren. Wiesbaden: Springer, pp. 135-145. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  609. Bergmann, Marcelo (2018): Illegal drugs, drug trafficking and violence in Latin America. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  610. Bewley-Taylor, Dave (2016): “Towards metrics that measure outcomes that matter”. At: <https://www.swansea.ac.uk/media/Towards-Metrics-that-Measure-Outcomes-that-Matter.pdf> (accessed 2 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  611. Bouchard, Martin/Ouellet, Frédéric (2011): “Is small beautiful? The link between risks and size in illegal drug markets”. In: Global Crime, 12, 1, pp. 70-86. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  612. Bright, David/Greenhill, Catherine/Britz, Thomas/Ritter, Alison/Morselli, Carlo (2017): “Criminal network vulnerabilities and adaptations”. In: Global Crime, 18, 4, pp. 424-441. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  613. Brombacher, Daniel/Garzón, Juan Carlos/Vélez, Maria Alejandra (2021): “Introduction Special Issue: Environmental impacts of illicit economies”. In: Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 3, 1, pp. 1-9. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  614. Brombacher, Daniel/David, Sarah (2020): „From alternative development to development-oriented drug policies”. In: International Development Policy, 12, pp. 64-79. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  615. Brombacher, Daniel/Maihold, Günther (2013): „Das Gewaltparadox im mexikanischen Drogenkampf: Erklärungsversuche und ihre Folgen“. In: Brombacher, Daniel/Maihold, Günther (eds.): Gewalt, Organisierte Kriminalität und Staat in Lateinamerika. Opladen/Berlin/Toronto: Barbara Budrich, pp. 85-97. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  616. Brombacher, Daniel (2013): „Illegal drug cultivation and legal regulatory options in the UN drug control framework. Comparing coca and opium poppy”. In: Matthieu, Hans/Nino, Catalina (eds.): From repression to regulation. Proposals for drug policy reform. Bogotá: FESCOL, pp. 253-289. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  617. Buxton, Julia (2010): “The historical foundation of the narcotic drug control regime”. In: Keefer, Philipp/Loayza, Norman (eds.): Innocent bystanders. Developing countries and the war on drugs. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, pp. 61-95. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  618. Buxton, Julia (2020): “Drug control and development. A blind spot”. In: International Development Policy, 12, pp. 13-42. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  619. Calderoni, Francesco (2011): “Where is the mafia in Italy? Measuring the presence of the mafia across Italian provinces”. In: Global Crime, 12, 1, pp. 41-69. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  620. Catino, Maurizio (2019): Mafia organizations. The visible hand of criminal enterprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  621. Caulkins, Jonathan/Reuter, Peter (1998): “What price data tells us about drug markets”. In: Journal of Drug Issues, 28, 3, pp. 593-612. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  622. Collins, John (2016): “Development first. Multilateralism in the post-‘war on drugs’ era”. In: After the drug wars. Report of the LSE expert group on the economics of drug policy. London: LSE Press, pp. 9-18. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  623. Daily Sabah (2021): “Turkey seizes more than 1 ton of cocaine in ‘biggest bust’”. At: <https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/investigations/turkey-seizes-more-than-1-ton-of-Cocaine-in-biggest-bust> (accessed 04 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  624. Davalos, Liliana/Davalos, Eleonora/Holmes, Jennifer/Tucker, Clara/Armenteras, Dolors (2021): “Forests, coca, and conflict. Grass frontier dynamics and deforestation in the Amazon-Andes”. In: Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 3, 1, pp.74 - 96 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  625. Diskul, Dispanadda/Collins, John/Brombacher, Daniel (2021): “Drugs and development in the urban setting - expanding development-oriented interventions beyond illicit drug crop cultivation.” In: Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 2, 2, pp. 80-90. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  626. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021a): European Drug Report. Lisbon: EMCDDA. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  627. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (2021b): Illicit drug markets and supply in the Western Balkans. Impact of COVID-19. EMCDDA Trendspotter Briefing. Lisbon: EMCDDA. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  628. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (2021c): “Statistical Bulletin. Cocaine price and purity in the European Union”. At: <https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/media-library/Cocaine-price-and-purity-european-union-updated-june-2021_en> (accessed 3 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  629. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (2021d) Statistical Bulletin 2021. Prevalence of drug use. At: <https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/data/stats2021/gps_en> (04 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  630. EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (2021e): “Statistical Bulletin 2021. Price, purity and potency”. At: <https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/data/stats2021/ppp_en> (accessed 12 July 2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  631. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction/Europol (2019): EU Drug Markets Report. Lisbon/The Hague: EMCDDA, Europol. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  632. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction/Europol (2020): EU Drug Markets. Impact of Covid-19. Lisbon/The Hague: EMCDDA, Europol. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  633. Europol (2019): “News: 1 176 kg of cocaine hidden in bananas seized in Italy”. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/1-176-kg-of-Cocaine-hidden-in-bananas-seized-in-italy> (accessed 4 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  634. Europol (2021): Serious and organized crime situation assessment (SOCTA). The Hague: Europol. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  635. Farfán-Méndez, Cecilia (2019): “The structure of drug trafficking organizations and money laundering practices. A risk appetite hypothesis.” In: Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 1, 3, pp. 294-311. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  636. Felbab-Brown, Vanda (2020): Fentanyl and geopolitics. Controlling opioid supply from China. Washington D.C.: Brookings. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  637. GI-TOC, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (2020): Civil Society Observatory of Illicit Economies in Eastern and Southern Africa, Risk Bulletin, 12. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  638. GI-TOC, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (2021): Observatory of illicit economies in Southeastern Europe, Risk Bulletin, 7. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  639. GI-TOC, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime/Insight Crime (2021): The Cocaine Pipeline to Europe, Research Report. Vienna/Bogotá: 2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  640. GI-TOC, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime/INTERPOL/RHIPTO, Norwegian Center for Global Analysis (2018): World Atlas of Illicit Flows. Vienna/Oslo/Lyon. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  641. Goodhand, Jonathan/Meehan, Patrick/Bhatia, Jasmine/Ghiabi, Maziyar/Gutiérrez Sanín, Francisco (2021): “Critical policy frontiers. The drugs-development-peacebuilding trilemma”. In: International Journal of Drug Policy, 89, 103115. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  642. Gootenberg, Paul (2021): “Chicken or eggs? Rethinking illicit drugs and ‘Development’”. In: International Journal of Drug Policy, 89, 102985. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  643. Grimmelmann, Klaas/Arning, Nike/Arnold, Jana/Espinoza, Jorge (2017): “The land-drugs nexus. How illicit drug crop cultivation is related to access to land”. In: Bulletin of Narcotics, 61, LXI, pp. 75-105. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  644. Gutiérrez-Sanín, Francisco (2021): “Tough Tradeoffs. Coca crops and agrarian alternatives in Colombia”. In: International Journal of Drug Policy, 89, 103156. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  645. Insight Crime (2020): „Honduras proves fertile ground for coca”. At: https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/coca-crops-flourish-honduras/ (accessed 30 June 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  646. Kenney, Michael (2007): “The architecture of drug trafficking. Network forms of organisation in the Colombian Cocaine trade”. In: Global Crime, 8, 3, pp. 233-259. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  647. Mansfield, David (2020): “Trying to be all things to all people. Alternative development in Afghanistan”. In: International Development Policy, 12, pp. 79-105. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  648. Mansfield, David/Soderholm, Alexander (2020): Emerging evidence of Afghanistan’s role as a producer and supplier of ephedrine and methamphetamine. Lisbon: EMCDDA. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  649. Morselli, Carlo/Turcotte, Mathilde/Tenti, Valentina (2011): “The mobility of criminal groups”. In: Global Crime, 12, 3, pp. 165-188. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  650. Morselli, Carlo/Petit, Katja (2007): “Law-enforcement disruption of a drug importation network”. In: Global Crime, 8, 2, pp. 109-130. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  651. Open Society Foundations/Transform Drug Policy Foundation (2008): The alternative world drug report. Counting the costs of the war on drugs. New York/London: Open Society Foundations. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  652. Pearl, Betsy (2019): Ending the war on drugs. By the numbers. Washington D.C.: Center of American Progress. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  653. Pollack, Harold/Reuter, Peter (2014): “Does tougher enforcement make drugs more expensive?”. In: Addiction, 109, pp. 1959-1966. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  654. Reitano, Tuesday (2020): “Making war. Conflict zones and their implications for drug policy”. In: International Development Policy, 12, pp. 127-141. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  655. Reuter, Peter (2009): “Systemic violence in drug markets”. In: Crime, Law and Social Change, 52, pp. 275-284. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  656. Reuter, Peter (2010): “Can production and trafficking of illicit drugs be reduced or only shifted?”. In: Keefer, Philipp/Loayza, Norman (eds.): Innocent bystanders. Developing countries and the war on drugs. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, pp. 95-135. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  657. Shaw, Mark (2019): “What could an asymmetrical strategy against organised crime look like? A lesson from the drug policy debate”. In: Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 1, 1 pp. 99-106. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  658. Thoumi, Francisco (2010): “Competitive advantages in the production and trafficking of Coca-Cocaine and Opium-Heroin in Afghanistan and the Andean Countries”. In: Keefer, Philip/Loayza, Norman (eds.): Innocent bystanders. Developing countries and the war on drugs. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, pp. 195-253. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  659. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2019): Afghanistan opium survey 2019. Socio-economic survey report. Drivers, causes and consequences of opium poppy cultivation. Vienna/Kabul: UNODC. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  660. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020): Research Brief. COVID-19 and the drug supply chain: from production and trafficking to use. Vienna: UNODC. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  661. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021a): World Drug Report 2021, Booklet II. Vienna: UNODC. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  662. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021b): “UNODC World Drug Report 2021. Statistical Annex: Prevalence of drug use in the general population including NPS”. At: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr2021_annex.html (accessed 11 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  663. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021c): UNODC World Drug Report. Statistical Annex: Global seizures of Cocaine and Heroin. At: https://dataunodc.un.org/data/drugs/Global%20Seizures (11 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  664. US Bureau of Transportation Statistics (n.d.): “Border Crossing Data”. At: <https://explore.dot.gov/views/BorderCrossingData/Annual?:isGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&:embed=y> (accessed 4 July 2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  665. US Department of State (2020): “Mexico Human Rights Report”. At: <https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/MEXICO-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf> (accessed 2 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  666. Janowitz, Nathaniel (2021): “Are Mexican cartels trying to make their own cocaine?”. At: <https://www.vice.com/en/article/epdwd7/are-mexican-cartels-trying-to-make-their-own-cocaine> (accessed 30 June 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-99
  667. Aderinto, Saheed (2012): “‘The problem of Nigeria is slavery, not white slave traffic’: Globalization and the politicization of prostitution in Southern Nigeria, 1921-1955”. In: Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines, 46, 1, pp. 1-22. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  668. Aluko-Daniels, Olufunke (2015): “At the margins of consent. Sex trafficking from Nigeria to Italy”. In: Massey, Simon/Coluccello, Rino (eds.): Eurafrican migration. Legal, economic and social responses to irregular migration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 74-87. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  669. Apard, Élodie/Diagboya, Precious/Simoni, Vanessa (2020): “‘La prostitution, ça ne tue pas!’ projets d’ascension sociale familiale dans le contexte de la traite sexuelle (Nigeria-Europe)”. In: Politique africaine, 159, 3, pp. 51-82. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  670. Baarda, C.S. (2016): “Human trafficking for sexual exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe. The role of voodoo rituals in the functioning of a criminal network”. In: European Journal of Criminology, 13, 2, pp. 257-273. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  671. Braimah, Tim S. (2013): “Sex trafficking in Edo State. Causes and solutions”. In: Global Journal Of Human Social Science, 13, 3, pp. 17-29. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  672. BAMF, Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (2020): „Länderreport 27: Nigeria - Menschenhandel zum Zwecke der sexuellen Ausbeutung. Stand: 06/2020“. Nürnberg. At: <https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Behoerde/Informationszentrum/Laenderreporte/2020/laenderreport-27-nigeria.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  673. BKA, Bundeskriminalamt (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019): „Bundeslagebild Menschenhandel und Ausbeutung“. At: <https://www.bka.de/DE/AktuelleInformationen/StatistikenLagebilder/Lagebilder/Menschenhandel/menschenhandel_node.html> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  674. Campana, Paolo (2016): “The structure of human trafficking. Lifting the bonnet on a Nigerian transnational network”. In: British Journal of Criminology, 56, 1, pp. 68-86. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  675. Carchedi, Francesco (2000): “La prostituzione straniera in Italia. Analisi dei risultati dell'indagine sulle protagoniste e i modelli relazionali”. In: Carchedi, Francesco/Picciolini, Anna/Mottura, Giovani/Campani, Giovanna: I colori della Notte. Migrazioni, sfruttamento sessuale, esperienze di intervento sociale. Mailand: FrancoAngeli, pp. 100-163. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  676. Cherti, Myriam/Pennington, Jenny/Grant, Peter (2013): “Beyond borders. Human trafficking from Nigeria to the UK”. London: Institute for Public Policy Research. At: <https://www.ippr.org/files/images/media/files/publication/2013/01/nigeria-trafficking_Jan2013_10189.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  677. Cho, Seo-Young/Dreher, Axel/Neumayer, Eric (2013): “Does legalized prostitution increase human trafficking?” In: World Development, 41, 1, pp. 67-82. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  678. Cohen, Corentin (2021): “Les confraternités nigérianes á la conquȇte du monde?” In: Les études du CERI, 258. At: <https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/Etude_258.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  679. Cohen, Corentin/Diagboya, Precious (2018): “Le rȏle des acteurs religieux dans la traite d’ȇdes humains entre le Nigéria et l’Europe”. Sciences Po: Centre de Recherches Internationales. At: <https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/oir/le-role-des-acteurs-religieux-dans-la-traite-d-etres-humains-entre-le-nigeria-et-l-europe%20%5b13> (accessed 13 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  680. CFR, Council on Foreign Relations (n.d.): “Nigerian Security Tracker”. At: <https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  681. Diehl, Jörg (2019) „BND warnt vor nigerianischer Mafia“. At: <https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/bundesnachrichtendienst-warnt-vor-nigerianischer-mafia-a-1254963.html> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  682. DIIS, Danish Institute for International Studies (2021): “Does information save migrants’ lives? Knowledge and needs of West African migrants en route to Europe”. At: <https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/4209801/Does_information_save_migrants_lives_DIIS_Report_2021_01.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  683. Ebo’o, Agnes/Tite, Naomi (2019): “Transnational organised crime in West and Central Africa. The case of the Nigerian ‘madams’”. In: Hilsdon, Anne-Marie (ed.): Gender and human security. African perspectives”. Institute for Security Studies: Monograph 198, pp. 27-37. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  684. Ellis, Stephen (2016): This present darkness. A history of Nigerian organised crime. London: Hurst & Company. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  685. EASO, European Asylum Support Office (2015): “Country of Origin Information Report: Nigeria - Sex trafficking of women, October 2015”. At: <https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/BZ0415678ENN.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  686. EASO, European Asylum Support Office (2018a): “Country of Origin Information Report: Nigeria - Key socio-economic indicators, November 2018”. At: <https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2018_EASO_COI_Nigeria_KeySocioEconomic.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  687. EASO, European Asylum Support Office (2018b): “Country of Origin Information Report: Nigeria - Targeting of individuals, November 2018”. At: <https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2018_EASO_COI_Nigeria_TargetingIndividuals.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  688. European Commission (2015): “Koolvis Case, last update 19 August 2015”. At: <https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/legislation-and-case-law-case-law/koolvis-case_en> (accessed 19 August 2015). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  689. European Commission (2021): “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the EU Strategy on Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings 2021-2025”. At: <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/94bfb18f-9e13-11eb-b85c-01aa75ed71a1/language-en> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  690. EMSC, European Migrant Smuggling Centre/Europol (2020): “4th Annual Activity Report - 2020”. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/emsc_4th_annual_activity_report_-_2020.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  691. Europol (2016a): “Situation Report. Trafficking in human beings in the EU”. The Hague, February 2016, Document Ref No: 765175. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/thb_situational_report_-_europol.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  692. Europol (2016b): “Joint action to tackle West African Human Trafficking Networks”. Press Release, 4 May 2016. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/joint-action-to-tackle-west-african-human-trafficking-networks-0> (accessed 24 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  693. Europol (2018a): “Situation Report. Criminal networks involved in the trafficking and exploitation of underage victims in the European Union”. The Hague, October 2018, Document Ref No: 1001370. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/23-11_report_child_trafficking.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  694. Europol (2018b): “Trafficked by Voodoo threats: one of the largest operations in Europe rescues 39 Nigerian women”. Press Release, 22 March 2018. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/trafficked-voodoo-threats-one-of-largest-operations-in-europe-rescues-39-nigerian-women> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  695. Frontex (2018): Risk Analysis for 2018, Warsaw, February 2018, Frontex reference number: 2671 / 2018. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  696. GRETA, Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings/Council of Europe (2019): “Reply from Austria to the Questionnaire for the evaluation of the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the Parties, submitted on 1 April 2019”. At: <https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-26-aut/168094b570> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  697. The Guardian (2020): “Sex traffickers left thousands of women to starve during Italy lockdown”. At: <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/10/sex-traffickers-left-thousands-of-women-to-starve-during-italy-lockdown-coronavirus> (accessed 14 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  698. Henriksen, Rune/Jesperson, Sasha (2019): “Nigeria. Community complicity for wealth”. In: Jesperson, Sasha/Henriksen, Rune/Barry, Anne-Marie/Jones, Michael (eds.): Human Trafficking. An organised crime? London: Hurst & Company, pp. 19-39. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  699. HRW, Human Rights Watch (2019): “‘You pray for death’: Trafficking of women and girls in Nigeria”. At: <https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/08/27/you-pray-death/trafficking-women-and-girls-nigeria> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  700. IOM, International Organization for Migration (2017): “Human trafficking through the Central Mediterranean Route: Data, stories and information collected by the International Organization for Migration”. At: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IOMReport_Trafficking.pdf (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  701. IOM, International Organization for Migration (2019): “‘Voodoo Curses’ keep victims of trafficking under bondage”. At: <https://www.iom.int/news/voodoo-curses-keep-victims-trafficking-under-bondage> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  702. IOM, International Organization for Migration (2020): “Trafficking in persons. Victim identification and assistance-training guide”. At: <https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/trafficking-in-persons-training-guide.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  703. Interview Diagboya, Precious, French Institute for Research in Africa, Nigeria (online), 9 December 2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  704. Milborn, Corinna (2020): „Wenn das Opfer bestraft wird“. At: <https://www.zeit.de/2020/46/asylpolitik-wien-menschenhandel-nigeria-abschiebung-aufenthaltsgenehmigung> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  705. Myria, Federal Migration Centre (2018): “Trafficking and smuggling of human beings: Minors at major risk”. At: <https://www.myria.be/files/RATEH-EN-2018-DEF.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  706. Pascoal, Rafaela (2012): The situation of the Nigerian human trafficking victims and their children in Italy, 19 December 2012. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  707. Pascoal, Rafaela Hilário (2018): Stranded: The new trendsetters of the Nigerian human trafficking criminal networks for sexual purposes. CISS - Cooperazione Internazionale Sud Sud. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  708. Pascual, Julia/Tilouine, Joan (2020): “Sur les trottoirs de Paris, des jeunes Nigérianes victimes de la cruauté de leurs proxénètes”. At: <https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/08/04/sur-les-trottoirs-de-paris-l-enfer-de-la-prostitution-nigeriane_6048084_3212.html> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  709. Plambech, Sine (2014): Points of departure. Migration control and anti-trafficking in the lives of Nigerian sex worker migrants after deportation from Europe. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen and Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  710. Plambech, Sine (2017): “Sex, deportation and rescue. Economies of migration among Nigerian sex workers”. In: Feminist Economics, 23, 3, pp. 134-159. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  711. Simoni, Vanessa (2013): “‘I swear an oath’, serments d’allégeances, coercitions et stratégies migratoires chez les femmes nigérianes de Benin City”. In: Lavaud-Legendre, Bénédicte (ed.): Prostitution nigériane. Entre rêves de migration et réalités de la traite. Paris: Karthala, pp. 33-60. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  712. UNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2018): “Italy. Sea arrivals dashboard - December 2018”. At: <https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/67555> (accessed 24 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  713. UNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2021): “Arrivals in Europe from Libya - September 2021”. At: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/90198 (accessed 7 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  714. UNICRI, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (2010): “Trafficking of Nigerian girls in Italy. The data, the stories, the social services”. At: <https://unicri.it/sites/default/files/2021-06/trafficking_nigeria-italy.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  715. UN, United Nations (2001): “Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, Annex II: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime”. A/RES/55/25, pp. 31-39. At: <https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_55_25.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  716. UNODC, UN Office on Drugs and Crime (2014): “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014.” At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/GLOTIP_2014_full_report.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  717. UNODC, UN Office on Drugs and Crime (2018): “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  718. UNODC, UN Office on Drugs and Crime (2020): “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  719. US DoS, US Department of State (2020) “Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2020”. At: <https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020-TIP-Report-Complete-062420-FINAL.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  720. US DoS, US Department of State (2021) “Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2021”. At: <https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/TIP_Report_Final_20210701.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  721. Varese, Federico (2014): “Protection and Extortion”. In: Paoli, Letizia (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 343-358. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  722. Walk Free Foundation (2018): “The Global Slavery Index 2018”. At: <https://downloads.globalslaveryindex.org/ephemeral/GSI-2018_FNL_190828_CO_DIGITAL_P-1649854280.pdf> (accessed 13 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  723. Wallis, Emma (2019): “Tricked, trafficked and sold. How criminal gangs are bringing Nigerian women to Italy”. At: <https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/14725/tricked-trafficked-and-sold-how-criminal-gangs-are-bringing-nigerian-women-to-italy> (accessed 19 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  724. Young, Mary Alice (2011): “Human cost. Nigerian criminal networks in the UK”. In: Jane’s Intelligence Review, September 2011, pp. 44-47. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-133
  725. Africanews (2020): “Angola charges Isabel dos Santos with fraud, embezzlement”. At: <https://www.africanews.com/2020/01/23/angola-formally-charges-isabel-dos-santos-with-fraud-embezzlement> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  726. APP, Africa Progress Panel (2013): “Africa progress report 2013 - Equity in extractives. Stewarding Africa’s natural resources for all”. At: <https://reliefweb.int/report/world/africa-progress-report-2013-equity-extractives-stewarding-africa-s-natural-resources> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  727. ATAF, African Tax Administration Forum (2020): “African tax outlook. 2020 edition.” At: <https://events.ataftax.org/index.php?page=documents&func=view&document_id=121> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  728. African Union Commission (2020): “African Union Commission set to launch a Multi-Donor Action against Illicit Financial Flows in Africa”. At: <https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20201201/african-union-commission-set-launch-multi-donor-action-against-illicit> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  729. Akiwumi, Paul (2020): “Curbing illicit financial flows to finance sustainable development in Africa”. At: <https://unctad.org/news/curbing-illicit-financial-flows-finance-sustainable-development-africa> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  730. Blore, Shawn/Hunter, Marcena (2020): “Dubai’s problematic gold trade”. In: Page, Matthew T./Vittori, Judi (eds.): Dubai’s role in facilitating corruption and global illicit financial flows. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pg. 35-47. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  731. CIP, Centro de Integridade Pública Moçambique/Chr. Michelsen Institute, Norway (2021): “Costs and Consequences of the Hidden Debt Scandal of Mozambique”. At: <https://www.cipmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Costs-and-consequences-of-the-Hidden-Debt.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  732. Corrick, Lee, technical adviser on international tax at the African Tax Administration Forum (AFAF) (22 September 2021): Email interview with author. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  733. ESAAMLG, Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group (2021): “Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism measures. Mozambique mutual evaluation report, June 2021”. At: <https://www.esaamlg.org/reports/MER%20of%20Mozambique-June%202021.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  734. Enough Project (n.d.): “Conflict Gold 101”. At: <https://enoughproject.org/files/ConflictGold101_ActivistBrief.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  735. European Commission (n.d.): “Conflict Minerals Regulation. The regulation explained”. At: <https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/development-and-sustainability/conflict-minerals-regulation/regulation-explained_en> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  736. FACTI Panel, High Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency and Integrity for Achieving the 2030 Agenda (2021): “Financial integrity for sustainable development”. At: <https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5e0bd9edab846816e263d633/602e91032a209d0601ed4a2c_FACTI_Panel_Report.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  737. FATF, Financial Action Task Force (2013): “Money laundering and terrorist financing vulnerabilities of legal professionals, June 2013”. At: <https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/ML%20and%20TF%20vulnerabilities%20legal%20professionals.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  738. Guinea-Bissau analyst, anonymous (6 February 2021): Email exchange with author. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  739. Hunter, Marcena (2018): “Measures that miss the mark. Capturing the proceeds of crime in illicit financial flow models”. At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TGIATOC-Illicit-Financial-Flows-report-1941-hi-res-2-1.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  740. Hunter, Marcena (2019): “Pulling at golden webs. Combating criminal consortia in the African artisanal and small-scale gold mining and trade sector”. At: <https://enactafrica.org/research/research-papers/pulling-at-golden-webs-combating-criminal-consortia-in-the-african-artisanal-and-small-scale-gold-mining-and-trade-sector> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  741. Hunter, Marcena (21 February 2021): Interview with author. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  742. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (19 January 2020): “How Africa’s richest woman exploited family ties, shell companies and inside deals to build an empire”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/how-africas-richest-woman-exploited-family-ties-shell-companies-and-inside-deals-to-build-an-empire/> (accessed 21 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  743. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (17 March 2020): “Portuguese ‘super judge’ orders total seizure of dos Santos assets”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/portuguese-super-judge-orders-total-seizure-of-dos-santos-assets/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  744. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (7 April 2020): “Isabel dos Santos condemns ‘abusive’ seizure of $442m stake”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/isabel-dos-santos-condemns-abusive-seizure-of-442m-stake/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  745. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists) (18 June 2020): “Isabel dos Santos blames asset freeze for Lisbon retreat and failure to pay staff”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/isabel-dos-santos-blames-asset-freeze-for-lisbon-retreat-and-failure-to-pay-staff/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  746. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (20 July 2020): “European banking regulator to probe Luanda Leaks’ allegations”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/european-banking-regulator-to-probe-luanda-leaks-allegations/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  747. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (2 October 2020): “Portuguese regulator calls for criminal prosecution of auditors following Luanda Leaks”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/portuguese-regulator-calls-for-criminal-prosecution-of-auditors-following-luanda-leaks/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  748. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (7 December 2020): “After Luanda Leaks, a billionaire’s empire falls, but her enablers carry on”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/after-luanda-leaks-a-billionaires-empire-falls-but-her-enablers-carry-on/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  749. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (3 September 2021): “German state-owned bank fined for Angolan loan exposed in Luanda Leaks”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/german-state-owned-bank-fined-for-angolan-loan-exposed-in-luanda-leaks/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  750. ICIJ, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (3 October 2021): “As Kenyan president mounted anti-corruption comeback, his family’s secret fortune expanded offshore”. At: <https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/kenya-uhuru-kenyatta-family-offshore-wealth/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  751. IMF, International Monetary Fund (1998) “Money laundering. The importance of international countermeasures. At: <http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/1998/021098.htm> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  752. IMF Data (n.d.): “Government Finance Statistics”. At: <https://data.imf.org/?sk=A0867067-D23C-4EBC-AD23-D3B015045405> (accessed 29 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  753. Kroll (2017): “Independent audit related to loans contracted by ProIndicus S.A., EMATUM S.A. and Mozambique Asset Management S.A. Prepared for The Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic of Mozambique”. At: <https://reflekt.ch/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Kroll-Report-Juni-2017-redacted.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  754. Maira, Martini (2017): “Doors wide open. Corruption and real estate in four key markets”. At: <https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2017_DoorsWideOpen_EN.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  755. Mbeki, Thabo/Lopes, Carlos/Apata, Olusegun/Baker, Raymond/ElBakri, Zeinab Bashir et al. (2015): Track it! Stop it! Get it! Illicit Financial Flows. Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  756. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (n.d.-a): “BEPS, Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting”. At: <https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  757. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (n.d.-b): “Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes”. At: <https://www.oecd.org/tax/transparency/> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  758. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2018): “Illicit financial flows. The economy of illicit trade in West Africa”. At: <https://www.oecd.org/dac/illicit-financial-flows-9789264268418-en.htm> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  759. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020): OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. Progress report July 2019 - July 2020”. At: <https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/oecd-g20-inclusive-framework-on-beps-progress-report-july-2019-july-2020.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  760. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2021): “Revenue Statistics in Africa 2021”. At: <https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy/brochure-revenue-statistics-africa.pdf> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  761. Reuters (2021): “G20 leaders endorse global minimum corporate tax deal for 2023 start”. At: <https://www.reuters.com/business/g20-leaders-endorse-global-minimum-corporate-tax-deal-2023-start-2021-10-30/> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  762. Shaw, Mark (2015): “Drug trafficking in Guinea-Bissau, 1998-2014. The evolution of an elite protection network”. In: The Journal of Modern African Studies, 53, 3, pp. 339-364. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  763. SDSN, Sustainable Development Solutions Network (n.d.): “Indicators and a Monitoring Framework. Launching a data revolution for the sustainable Development Goals”. At <https://indicators.report/targets/16-4/> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  764. Tax Justice Network Africa (2020): “The OECD inclusive framework is not that inclusive”. At: <https://taxjusticeafrica.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Press-release-OECD-tax-inclusive-framework-not-that-inclusive-9.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  765. tralac, Trade Law Centre NPC (2017): “Chamber of Mines releases final independent report on trade misinvoicing”. At: <https://www.tralac.org/news/article/12033-chamber-of-mines-releases-final-independent-report-on-trade-misinvoicing.html> (accessed 12 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  766. Transparency International (2019): “Three ways to stop money laundering through real estate”. At: <https://www.transparency.org/en/news/three-ways-to-stop-money-laundering-through-real-estate> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  767. UN, United Nations (2021): “Letter dated 10 June 2021 from the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo addressed to the President of the Security Council”. At: <https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2053905/S_2021_560_E.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  768. UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2016a): “Trade misinvoicing in primary commodities in developing countries. The cases of Chile, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia. Advanced copy July 2016”. At: <https://www.tralac.org/images/docs/10103/trade-misinvoicing-in-primary-commodities-in-developing-countries-unctad-july-2016.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  769. UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2016b): “Trade misinvoicing in primary commodities in developing countries. The cases of Chile, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia (date of issuance: 23 December 2016)”. At: <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/suc2016d2_en.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  770. UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2020): “Tackling illicit financial flows for sustainable development in Africa”. At: <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aldcafrica2020_en.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  771. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2011): “Estimating illicit financial flows resulting from drug trafficking and other transnational organized crimes. Research report”. At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Illicit_financial_flows_2011_web.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  772. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (n.d.): “Guinea Bissau” At: <https://www.unodc.org/westandcentralafrica/en/guinea-bissau.html> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  773. US State Department, United States Department of State Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (2018): “International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume II. Money laundering. March 2018”. At: <https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-INCSR-Vol.-II.pdf> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  774. U.S. Department of the Treasury (2017): “United States sanctions human rights abusers and corrupt actors across the globe”. At: <https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  775. World Bank (n.d.): “Net ODA Received (% of central government expense)”. At: <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.XP.ZS?view=map> (accessed 28 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  776. WCO, World Customs Organization (2018): “Illicit financial flows via trade mis-invoicing. Study report 2018”. At: <http://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/media/newsroom/reports/2018/wco-study-report-on-iffs_tm.pdf?la=en> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-165
  777. Akuse, Rosamund Modupe/Eke, Felicia Uchezuba/Ademola, Adebowale Dele/Fajolu, Iretiola Bamikeolu/Gbelee, Henry Olusegun et al. (2012): "Diagnosing renal failure due to diethylene glycol in children in a resource-constrained setting". In: Pediatric Nephrology, 27, 6, pp. 1021-1028. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  778. Alarcón-Jiménez, Oscar (2015): "The Medicrime Convention - Fighting against counterfeit medicine". In: Eurohealth International, 21, 4, pp. 24-27. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  779. Almuzaini, Tariq/Choonara, Imti/Sammons, Helen (2013): "Substandard and counterfeit medicines. A systematic review of the literature". In: BMJ Open, 3, 8, e002923. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  780. Attaran, Amir (2015): "Stopping murder by medicine. Introducing the Model Law on Medicine Crime". In: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92, 6 Suppl, pp. 127-132. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  781. Bassiony, Medhat M./Abdelghani, Mohamed/Salah El-Deen, Ghada M./Hassan, Mervat S./El-Gohari, Hayam/Youssef, Usama M. (2018): "Opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol among Egyptian university students". In: Journal of Addiction Medicine, 12, 2, pp. 150-155. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  782. Basu, Debasish/Mahintamini, Tathagata/Ghosh, Abhishek/Roub, Fazle/Subodh, B. N./Mattoo, S. K./Avasthi, Ajit (2020): "Tapentadol, the new kid on the block in India. Is it time to worry?". In: Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 6, pp. 697-702. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  783. Bate, Roger/Jin, Ginger Zhe/Mathur, Aparna/Attaran, Amir (2014): "Poor quality drugs and global trade. A pilot study". National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). At: <http://www.nber.org/papers/w20469> (accessed 23 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  784. BBC (2018): "Nigeria's Tramadol crisis. The drug fuelling death, despair and Boko Haram". At: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44306086> (accessed 23 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  785. Bergen, Martin/Hoferichter, Reinhard (2017): "securPharm e. V. - der Schutzschild gegen gefälschte Arzneimittel". In: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 60, 11, pp. 1255-1260. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  786. Buckley, Gillian J./Gostin, Lawrence O. (eds.) (2013): Countering the problem of falsified and substandard drugs. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. At: <https://www.nap.edu/read/18272/chapter/1> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  787. Byaruhanga, Janet (2020): "How Africa can manufacture to meet its own pharmaceutical needs". Africa Renewal. At: <https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/september-2020/how-africa-can-manufacture-meet-its-own-pharmaceutical-needs> (accessed 15 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  788. Companies House (2021): "Companies House". At: <https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/companies-house> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  789. Dellasega, Maria/Vorrath, Judith (2020): "A gangster’s paradise? Transnational organised crime in the Covid-19 pandemic”. SWP Comment 2020/C 66. At: <https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/a-gangsters-paradise-transnational-organised-crime-in-the-covid-19-pandemic> (accessed 26 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  790. Dugato, Marco/Riccardi, Michele/Polizzotti, Marcello (2014): "The theft of medicines from Italian hospitals". Transcrime - Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime. At: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260487710_The_Theft_of_Medicines_from_Italian_Hospitals> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  791. EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2018): "Captagon: understanding today’s illicit market“. EMCDDA Papers. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. At: <https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/9783/20184976_TDAU18002ENN_PDF.PDF> (accessed 20 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  792. EUIPO, European Union Intellectual Property Office (2020): "2020 Status report in IPF infringement". At: <https://www.opi.gr/images/various/2020_Status_Report_on_IPR_infringement_en.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  793. Europol (2020): "48 arrests and 6 organised crime groups dismantled in medicine-trafficking operation". At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/48-arrests-and-6-organised-crime-groups-dismantled-in-medicine-trafficking-operation> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  794. Europol (2021): "European Union serious and organised crime threat assessment (SOCTA). A corrupting influence: the infiltration and undermining of Europe’s economy and society by organised crime“. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/socta2021_1.pdf> (accessed 8 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  795. FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2021): "Generic Drugs". At: <https://www.fda.gov/drugs/buying-using-medicine-safely/generic-drugs> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  796. FIP, International Pharmaceutical Federation (2021): "Curriculum for pharmacy students on substandard and falsified medicines. Curriculum guide and competency framework". At: <https://www.fip.org/file/4917> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  797. Gnegel, Gesa/Hauk, Cathrin/Neci, Richard/Mutombo, Georges/Nyaah, Fidelis/Wistuba, Dorothee/Häfele-Abah, Christina/Heide, Lutz (2020): "Identification of falsified chloroquine tablets in Africa at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic". In: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103, 1, pp. 73-76. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  798. GPHF, Global Pharma Health Fund e.V. (2021): "The GPHF-Minilab™ - protection against counterfeit medicines". At: <https://www.gphf.org/en/minilab/> (accessed 19 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  799. Hagen, Nhomsai/Khuluza, Felix/Heide, Lutz (2020): "Quality, availability and storage conditions of oxytocin and misoprostol in Malawi". In: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20. No. 184. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  800. Hall, Alexandra/Koenraadt, Rosa/Antonopoulos, Georgios A. (2017): "Illicit pharmaceutical networks in Europe. Organising the illicit medicine market in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands". In: Trends in Organized Crime, 20, 3, pp. 296-315. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  801. Hall, Peter E./ Tagontong, Navaporn (2016): "Quality of medicines. Quality of misoprostol products". In: WHO Drug Information, 30, 1, pp. 35-39. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  802. Hauk, Cathrin/Hagen, Nhomsai/Heide, Lutz (2021): "Identification of substandard and falsified medicines. Influence of different tolerance limits and use of authenticity inquiries". In: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 104, 5, pp. 1936-1945. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  803. INCB, International Narcotics Control Board (2018): "Precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances“. United Nations Office at Vienna. At: <https://www.incb.org/documents/PRECURSORS/TECHNICAL_REPORTS/2017/E_ebook_with_annexes.pdf> (accessed 27 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  804. INCB, International Narcotics Control Board (2019): "Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2019“. United Nations Office at Vienna. At: <https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2019/Annual_Report_Chapters/English_ebook_AR2019.pdf> (accessed 27 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  805. INCB and WHO (2012): "Guide on estimating requirements for substances under international control“. United Nations Office. At: <https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Guidelines/estimating_requirements/NAR_Guide_on_Estimating_EN_Ebook.pdf> accessed 27 April 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  806. INCO, UNODC and WHO (2021): "INCB, UNODC and WHO Joint Statement on Access to Controlled Medicines in Emergencies". At: <https://www.who.int/news/item/08-09-2021-incb-unodc-and-who-joint-statement-on-access-to-controlled-medicines-in-emergencies> (accessed 16 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  807. INTERPOL (2014): "Pharmaceutical crime and organized criminal groups. An analysis of the involvement of organized criminal groups in pharmaceutical crime since 2008". At: <https://www.republicoftogo.com/content/download/35515/742319/file/RAPPORT%20INTERPOL.pdf> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  808. INTERPOL (2020a): "Global operation sees a rise in fake medical products related to COVID-19". At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2020/Global-operation-sees-a-rise-in-fake-medical-products-related-to-COVID-19> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  809. INTERPOL (2020b): "INTERPOL warns of organized crime threat to COVID-19 vaccines". At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2020/INTERPOL-warns-of-organized-crime-threat-to-COVID-19-vaccines> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  810. INTERPOL (2020c): "Operation in the Middle East and North Africa targets pharmaceutical crime". At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2020/Operation-in-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa-targets-pharmaceutical-crime> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  811. INTERPOL (2021a): "Fake COVID vaccine distribution network dismantled after INTERPOL alert". At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2021/Fake-COVID-vaccine-distribution-network-dismantled-after-INTERPOL-alert> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  812. INTERPOL (2021b): "Thousands of fake online pharmacies shut down in INTERPOL operation". At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2021/Thousands-of-fake-online-pharmacies-shut-down-in-INTERPOL-operation> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  813. IRACM, Institute de Recherche Anti-Contrefaçon de Médicaments/Przyswa, Eric (2013): "Counterfeit medicine and criminal organizations". At: <https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/IRACM-Counterfeit-Medicines-and-Criminal-Organizations-Oct-2013.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  814. Keteyian, Armen (2012): "How fake Avastin from overseas ends up in the U.S.". CBS News. At: <https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-fake-avastin-from-overseas-ends-up-in-us/> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  815. Klein, Axel (2019): "Drug problem or medicrime? Distribution and use of falsified tramadol medication in Egypt and West Africa". In: Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, 1, 1, pp. 52-62. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  816. McManus, Dominic/Naughton, Bernard David (2020): "A systematic review of substandard, falsified, unlicensed and unregistered medicine sampling studies. A focus on context, prevalence, and quality". In: BMJ Global Health, 5, 8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  817. Mumphansha, Hazel/Nickerson, Jason W./Attaran, Amir/Overton, Sean/Curtis, Sharon/Mayer, Paul/Bould, M Dylan (2017): "An analysis of substandard Propofol detected in use in Zambian anesthesia". In: Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125, 2, pp. 616-619. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  818. Newton, Paul N./Bond, Katherine C./Adeyeye, Moji/Antignac, Marie/Ashenef, Ayenew et al. (2020): "COVID-19 and risks to the supply and quality of tests, drugs, and vaccines". In: The Lancet Global Health, 8, 6, pp. e754-e755. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  819. Newton, Paul N./Lee, Sue J./Goodman, Catherine/Fernández, Facundo M./Yeung, Shunmay et al. (2009): "Guidelines for field surveys of the quality of medicines. A proposal". In: PLOS Medicine, 6, 3, e1000052. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  820. OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development/EUIPO (2020): "Trade in counterfeit pharmaceutical products". Paris: OECD Publishing. At: <https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/a7c7e054-en> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  821. Oyetunde, Olubukola O./Ogidan, Olayiwola/Akinyemi, Mary I./Ogunbameru, Adeteju A./Asaolu, Olubunmi F. (2019): "Mobile authentication service in Nigeria. An assessment of community pharmacists' acceptance and providers' views of successes and challenges of deployment". In: Pharmacy Practice, 17, 2, pp. 1449-1449. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  822. Ozawa, Sachiko/Evans, Daniel R./Bessias, Sophia/Haynie, Deson G./Yemeke, Tatenda T./Laing, Sarah K. Laing/Herrington, James E. (2018): "Prevalence and estimated economic burden of substandard and falsified medicines in low- and middle-income countries. A systematic review and meta-analysis". In: JAMA Network Open, 1, 4, e181662. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  823. Peyraud, Nicolas/Rafael, Florentina/Parker, Lucy Anne/Quere, Michel/Alcoba, Gabriel et al. (2017): "An epidemic of dystonic reactions in central Africa". In: The Lancet Global Health, 5, 2, pp. e137-e138. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  824. People’s Daily Online (2009): "China's ministries work together to bust online counterfeit drug dealers“. At: <http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90882/6659053.html> (accessed 22 November 2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  825. PQM, Promoting the Quality of Medicines (2018): "Promoting the Quality of Medicines Program annual performance report: Fiscal Year 2018, October 1, 2017-September 30, 2018“. U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). Rockville, MD: U.S. Agency for International Development by the Promoting the Quality of Medicines Program. At: <https://www.usp-pqm.org/sites/default/files/pqms/2018-annual-report-pqm.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  826. Progenerika (2020): "Where do our active ingredients come from?". At: <https://www.progenerika.de/studies/where-do-our-active-ingredients-come-from/?lang=en> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  827. Rahman, Mohammad S./Yoshida, Naoko/Tsuboi, Hirohito/Tomizu, Naoki/Endo, Jamie/Miyu, Onishi/Akimoto, Yoshio/Kimura, Kazuko (2018): "The health consequences of falsified medicines. A study of the published literature". In: Tropical Medicine & International Health, 23, 12, pp. 1294-1303. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  828. Roche Pharma AG (2014): "Fälschungen des Arzneimittels Herceptin® 150 mg Pulver zur Herstellung eines Infusionslösungskonzentrats (Trastuzumab) - Verschiedene Chargen sind betroffen". Rote-Hand-Brief 22. April 2014. At: <https://www.akdae.de/Arzneimittelsicherheit/RHB/Archiv/2014/20140422.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  829. Schäfermann, Simon/Hauk, Cathrin/Wemakor, Emmanuel/Neci, Richard/Mutombo, Georges et al. (2020): "Substandard and falsified antibiotics and medicines against noncommunicable diseases in Western Cameroon and Northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo". In: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103, 2, pp. 894-908. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  830. Streit, Renz (2017): "Der Herceptin®-Fall". In: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 60, 11, pp. 1203-1207. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  831. UNIFAB, Union des Fabricantes (2016): "Counterfeiting & Terrorism. Report 2016”. At: <https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/documents/11370/71142/Counterfeiting+%26%20terrorism/7c4a4abf-05ee-4269-87eb-c828a5dbe3c6> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  832. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (2010): "Counterfeit Products". In: The Globalization of Crime. A Transnational Organized crime Threat Assessment, pp. 173-190. At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  833. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (2011): "Resolution 20/6. Countering fraudulent medicines, in particular their trafficking". At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CCPCJ/Crime_Resolutions/2010-2019/2011/CCPCJ/Resolution_20-6.pdf> (accessed 23 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  834. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (2019): "Combating falsified medical product-related crime. A guide to good legislative practices". At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/publications/19-00741_Guide_Falsified_Medical_Products_ebook.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  835. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (2021a): "At the crossroad of licit and illicit. Tramadol and other pharmaceutical opioids trafficking in West Africa". At: <https://www.unodc.org/documents/nigeria/Tramadol_Trafficking_in_West_Africa.pdf> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  836. UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (2021b): "International Drug Control Conventions". At: <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CND/conventions.html> (18 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  837. USP (2020): "<1850> Evaluation of Screening Technologies for Assessing Medicine Quality". In USP 43-NF 38. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  838. Van Assche, Kerlijn/Caillet, Céline/Newton, Paul (2021a): "Medical Product Quality Report. COVID-19 Issues“. Issue 10, May 2021. Medicine Quality Research Group, Centre of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford. At: <https://www.iddo.org/document/medical-product-quality-report-covid-19-issues-issue-10-march-2021-main-text-plus-annexes> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  839. Van Assche, Kerlijn/Caillet, Céline/Newton, Paul (2021b): "Medical Product Quality Report. COVID-19 vaccines“. Issue 5, June 2021. Medicine Quality Research Group, Centre of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford. At: <https://www.iddo.org/sites/default/files/publication/2021-06/Medical%20Product%20Quality%20Report_COVID-19%20VACCINE%20issues_Up%20to%2031May2021.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  840. Vickers, Serena/Bernier, Matthew/Zambrzycki, Stephen/Fernández, Facundo M./Newton, Paul N./Caillet, Céline (2018): "Field detection devices for screening the quality of medicines. A systematic review". In: BMJ Global Health 3, 4, e000725. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  841. Vorrath, Judith/Voss, Maike (2019): "The hidden dangers of falsified and substandard medicines.” SWP Comment 2019/C 25. At: <https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/the-hidden-dangers-of-falsified-and-substandard-medicines> (accessed 27 January 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  842. Wainer, Irving (1996): “Toxicology through a looking glass. Stereochemical questions and some answers”. In: Wong, Steven H. Y./Sunshine, Irving (eds.): Handbook of analytical therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology. Boca Raton/New York: CRC Press, pp. 21-34. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  843. WHO, World Health Organization (2013a): "Drug Alert No. 126. Contaminated Dextromethorpan active pharmaceutical ingredient". Information Exchange System. At: <https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/drugalerts/Final_Alert_126_Information_on_Dextromethorphan.pdf?ua=1> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  844. WHO, World Health Organization (2013b): "Drug Alert No. 129. Contaminated Dextromethorphan active pharmaceutical ingredient". Information Exchange System. At: <https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/drugalerts/App_Drug_Alert_No_129_Paraguay_Dextro.pdf?ua=1> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  845. WHO, World Health Organization (2016): "Annex 7: Guidelines on the conduct of surveys of the quality of medicines". WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Fifth report, pp. 227-261. WHO Technical Report Series No.996. At: <https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/pharmprep/WHO_TRS_996_web.pdf?ua> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  846. WHO, World Health Organization (2017a): "WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for substandard and falsified medical products" At: <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513425> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  847. WHO, World Health Organization (2017b): "Member State mechanism on substandard/spurious/falsely labelled/falsified/counterfeit medical products". At: <https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_23-en.pdf> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  848. WHO, World Health Organization (2017c): "A study on the public health and socioeconomic impact of substandard and falsified medical products". At: <https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331690> (accessed July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  849. WHO, World Health Organization (2020a): "Urgent health challenges for the next decade”. At: <https://www.who.int/news-room/photo-story/photo-story-detail/urgent-health-challenges-for-the-next-decade> (accessed July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  850. WHO, World Health Organization (2020b): "WHO Medical Product Alert N°3/2020". At: <https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/essential-medicines/drug-alerts20/no3-2020-falsified-mp-forcovid-en.pdf?sfvrsn=cd866001_16> (accessed July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  851. WHO, World Health Organization (2020c): "WHO Medical Product Alert N°4/2020". At: <https://www.who.int/news/item/09-04-2020-medical-product-alert-n4-2020> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  852. WHO, World Health Organization (2021a): "Evaluating and publicly designating regulatory authorities as WHO listed authorities: policy document". At: <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240023444> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  853. WHO, World Health Organization (2021b): "Policy paper on traceability of medical products". At: <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/policy-paper-on-traceability-of-medical-products> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  854. WHO, World Health Organization (2021c): "WHO - Prequalification of medical products (IVDs, medicines, vaccines and immunization devices, vector control)". At: <https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/medicines> (accessed 20 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  855. WHO, World Health Organization (2021d): "WHO global surveillance and monitoring system". At: <https://www.who.int/who-global-surveillance-and-monitoring-system> (accessed 22 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  856. WHO, World Health Organization (2021e): "WHO quality assurance policy for the procurement of essential medicines and other health products". At: <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240023789> (accessed 23 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  857. Yadav, Prashant/Teta, Helen Lega/Babaley, Magalie (2011): "The world medicines situation 2011. Storage and supply chain management" Geneva: World Health Organization. At: <https://www.asrames.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/THE-WORLD-MEDICINES-SITUATION-2011-STORAGE-AND-SUPPLY-CHAIN-MANAGEMENT.pdf> (accessed 26 July 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-191
  858. Abungu, George (2016): “Illicit trafficking and destruction of cultural property in Africa. A continent at a crossroads”. In: The Journal of Art Crime, 15, pp. 33-40. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  859. Aust, Stefan/Malzahn, Claus Christian (2014): “Der islamische Staat im Zenit seiner Macht“. At: <https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article134379366/Der-Islamische-Staat-im-Zenit-seiner-Macht.html> (accessed 9 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  860. Barreto da Rosa, Steffen/Diergarten, Achim (2015): Praxiswissen Geldwäscheprävention. Aktuelle Anforderungen und Umsetzung in der Praxis. Berlin: De Gruyter. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  861. BLKA, Bavarian State Criminal Police Office (2021): Interview from 25 January 2021 with Detective Chief Inspector C. Klein, Special Investigations Unit, Munich (interview conducted in German). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  862. Charney, Noah (2016): “Lessons from the history of art crime ‘Saving artifacts from terrorists’”. In: The Journal of Art Crime, 15, pp. 65-68. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  863. Dietzler, Jessica (2013): “On ‘Organized Crime’ in the illicit antiquities trade. Moving beyond the definitional debate.” In: Trends in Organized Crime, 16, pp. 329-342. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  864. Europol (2016): “European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2016 (TE-SAT)”. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2016> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  865. Europol (2017a): “Serious and Organized Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA). Crime in the age of technology”. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/socta2017_0.pdf> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  866. Europol (2017b): “European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2017 (TE-SAT)”. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/tesat2017.pdf> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  867. Europol (2018): “Over 41 000 artefacts seized in global operation targeting the illicit trafficking of cultural goods”. At: <https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/over-41-000-artefacts-seized-in-global-operation-targeting-illicit-trafficking-of-cultural-goods> (accessed 8 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  868. FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation (2016): “ISIL antiquities trafficking”. At: <https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/isil-art-psa-082516.pdf> (accessed 8 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  869. GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften (2019): ILLICID. Dark Figure Study on Illegal Trade of Cultural Goods from the Eastern Mediterranean Region (2019): Final report (undisclosed, translated by the author) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  870. Groß, Steffen W. (2018): “Can cultural property protection be an effective counter-terrorism instrument?”. In: The Journal of Art Crime, 19, pp. 49-62. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  871. Hagan, Frank E. (2006): “’Organized crime’ and ‘organized crime’. Indeterminate problems of definition.” In: Trends in Organized Crime, 4, pp. 127-137. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  872. Heing, Bridey (2018): Cultural destruction by ISIS (Crimes by ISIS). Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishing. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  873. INTERPOL (2018): “Protecting cultural heritage by disrupting the illicit trade”. At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2018/Protecting-cultural-heritage-by-disrupting-the-illicit-trade> (accessed 5 August 2020). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  874. INTERPOL (2020): “101 arrested and 19,000 stolen artefacts recovered in international crackdown on art trafficking”. At: <https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/news/2020/101-arrested-and-19-000-stolen-artefacts-recovered-in-international-crackdown-on-art-trafficking> (accessed 8 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  875. Krasniqi, Kole (2013): „Entstehungsbedingungen und Herausforderungen der Organisierten Kriminalität auf dem Balkan“. In: Kriminalistik, 10, pp. 11-14. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  876. LKA BW, State Criminal Police Office of Baden-Wurttemberg (2021): Interview from 8th of February 2021 with Detective Chief Inspector S. Holz, Art Crime Unit, Stuttgart (interview conducted in German). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  877. Mackenzie, Simon/Brodie, Neil/Yates, Donna/ Tsirogiannis, Christos (2019): Trafficking culture. New directions in researching the global market in illicit antiquities. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  878. Müller-Karpe, Michael/Laufer, Eckhard (2011): Kriminalarchäologie. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  879. Phillips, John/Huggler, Justin (2018): “Italian police smash £30m international ancient artefact smuggling ring”. At: <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/04/italian-police-smash-40m-international-ancient-artefact-smuggling/> (accessed 8 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  880. Polk, Kenneth (2009): “Wither criminology in the study of the traffic in illicit antiquities?”. In: Mackenzie, Simon/Green, Penny (eds.): Criminology and archaeology. Studies in looted antiquities. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 13-28. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  881. Roth, Monika (2015): Wir betreten den Kunstmarkt. Geldwäscherei / Zollfreilager - ein zu diskretes Geschäft? / Interessenkonflikte, Manipulationen und Preisabsprachen. Zurich: Dike. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  882. Schönleber, Wolfgang (2010): „Das Phänomen ‚Raubgräberei‘ - nationaler und internationaler Kulturgutschutz“. In: Mitteleuropäische Polizeiakademie (mepa), 1, pp. 4-13. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  883. Schwind, Hans-Dieter (2016): Kriminologie. Eine praxisorientierte Einführung mit Beispielen. Heidelberg: Kriminalistik Verlag. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  884. Shelley, Louise (2014): Dirty entanglements. Corruption, crime and terrorism. Cambridge: University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  885. Shelley, Louise (2018): Dark commerce. How a new illicit economy is threatening our future. Princeton: University Press. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  886. Tijhuis, A. J. G. (2011): “The trafficking problem. A criminological perspective”. In: Chappell, Duncan/Manacorda, Stefano (eds.): Crime in the art and antiquities world. Illegal trafficking in cultural property. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 87-97. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  887. UNESCO (1970): Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. At: <http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13039&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> (accessed 11 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  888. UNESCO (n.d.): “About 1970 Convention”. At: https://en.unesco.org/fighttrafficking/1970 (accessed <https://en.unesco.org/fighttrafficking/1970%20(accessed> 10 November 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  889. US Department of State (2016): “ISIL leader’s loot”. At: <https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/isil_leader_loot.pdf> (accessed 8 February 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  890. Wessel, Günther (2015): Das schmutzige Geschäft mit der Antike. Der globale Handel mit illegalen Kulturgütern. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  891. Yates, Donna (2014): “Displacement, Deforestation, and Drugs: Antiquities Trafficking and the Narcotics Support Economies of Guatemala”. In: Balcells, Marc/Kila, Joris (eds.): Cultural property crime. An overview and analysis of contemporary perspectives and trends. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 21-36. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-217
  892. Agnew, David J./Pearce, John/Pramod, Ganapathiraju/Peatman, Tom/Watson, Reg/ Beddington, John R./Pitcher, Tony J. (2009): “Estimating the worldwide extent of illegal fishing”. In: PLOS ONE, 4, 2, e4570. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  893. Alberts, Elizabeth Claire (2021): “On board Ghana’s trawlers, claims of human rights abuses and illegal fishing”. At: <https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/on-board-ghanas-trawlers-claims-of-human-rights-abuses-and-illegal-fishing/> (accessed 16 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  894. Arthur, Robert/Heyworth, Stephanie/Pearce, John/Sharkey, William (2019): “The cost of harmful fishing subsidies”. At: <https://pubs.iied.org/16654iied> (accessed 13 May 2022). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  895. Battista, Willow/Romero-Canvas, Rainer/Smith, Sarah Lindley/Fraire, Jose/Effron, Micah/Larson-Konar, Dylan/Fujita, Rod (2018): “Behavior change interventions to reduce illegal fishing”. In: Frontiers in Marine Science, 5. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  896. Belhabib, Dyhia/Cheung, William W. L./Kroodsma, David/Lam, Vicky W.Y./Underwood, Philip J./Virdin, John (2020): “Catching industrial fishing incursions into inshore waters of Africa from space”. In: Fish and Fisheries, 21, 2, pp. 379-92. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  897. Belhabib, Dyhia/Dridi, Raouf/Padilla, Allan/Ang, Melanie/Le Billon, Philippe (2018): “Impacts of anthropogenic and natural ‘extreme events’ on global fisheries”. In: Fish and Fisheries, 19, 6, pp. 1092-1109. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  898. Belhabib, Dyhia/Le Billon, Philippe (2018): “Tax havens are the tip of the iceberg”. In: Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 1679. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  899. Belhabib, Dyhia/Le Billon, Philippe (2020): “Editorial: Illegal fishing as a trans-national crime”. In: Frontiers in Marine Science, 7. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  900. Belhabib, Dyhia/Le Billon, Philippe (2022): “Fish crimes in the global oceans”. In: Science Advances, 8, 12, eabj1927. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  901. Belhabib, Dyhia/Le Billon, Philippe (forthcoming): "Adjacency and vessels domestication as enablers of fish crimes". In: Frontiers in Marine Science. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  902. Belhabib, Dyhia/Le Billon, Philippe/Bennett, Nathan (2022): “Ocean sustainability for all requires deeper behavioural research”. In: Nature Human Behaviour, 6, pp. 6-8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  903. Belhabib, Dyhia/Le Billon, Philippe/Wrathall, David J. (2020): “Narco‐Fish: Global fisheries and drug trafficking”. In: Fish and Fisheries, 21, 5, pp. 992-1007. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  904. Belhabib, Dyhia/Sumaila, U. Rashid/Le Billon, Philippe (2019): “The fisheries of Africa. Exploitation, policy, and maritime security trends”. In: Marine Policy, 101, pp. 80-92. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  905. Belhabib, Dyhia/ Sumaila, U. Rashid/Pauly, Daniel (2015): “Feeding the poor. Contribution of West African fisheries to employment and food security”. In: Ocean & Coastal Management, 111, pp. 72-81. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239
  906. Beyens, Yolaine/Failler, Pierre/Asiedu, Berchie (2018): “Institutional challenges and constraints for Ghana in exporting fishery products to the European Union”. In: Food Reviews International, 34, pp. 265-89. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/9783748935940-239

Citation

Download RIS Download BibTex

Downloads

Download chapter (PDF) Download complete (PDF)

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Share via email

Media