Rock Paintings in the “Wilderness” – “Savaged and Shared”

Table of contents

Bibliographic information

Cover of Volume: Anthropos Volume 120 (2025), Edition 1
No access

Internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- und Sprachenkunde

Volume 120 (2025), Edition 1

Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Publication year
2025
ISSN-Online
2942-3139
ISSN-Print
0257-9774

Chapter information

No access

Volume 120 (2025), Edition 1

Rock Paintings in the “Wilderness” – “Savaged and Shared”

Buy in shop
Authors:
ISSN-Print
0257-9774
ISSN-Online
2942-3139
Preview:

The contrast between the experiences of those who are not indigenous but live in Canada and the Indigenous experiences is often missing from the literature on pictograph sites, red ochre images, found throughout the Boreal Forest, in the Precambrian Shield. These places, when one reads the academic literature predominately written by those who are not Indigenous, appear “stuck in time,” in voids of their own: impassive witnesses to the transformation of a landscape. Archaeologists, usually with a Western European worldview, working with rock paintings, pictographs are on the horns of a dilemma. At least two or more world views are in operation. This landscape, the Boreal Forest, has at least two different groups of meanings: to largely former European settlers, and to the Indigenous peoples, hunter-gatherers/foragers.

Bibliography

  1. Andrews, Thomas D., and Susan Buggey Open Google Scholar
  2. 2012 Canadian Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes in Praxis, in: K. Taylor, J. L. Lennon (eds.), Managing Cultural Landscapes; pp 253–271. New York: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  3. Angel, Michael Open Google Scholar
  4. 2002 Preserving the Sacred. Historical Perspectives on the Ojibwa Midewiwin. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. Open Google Scholar
  5. Aubert, Maxime, Alan Watchman, Daniel Arsenault et Louis Gagnon Open Google Scholar
  6. 2004 L’archéologie rupestre du Bouclier canadien: Potentiel archéométrique. Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal Canadien d’Archeologie 28/1: 51–74. Open Google Scholar
  7. Baker, Jody Open Google Scholar
  8. 2002 Production and Consumption of Wilderness in Algonquin Park. Space and Culture 5/3: 198–210. <https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331202005003001> [31.10.2024] Open Google Scholar
  9. Balikci, Ansel Open Google Scholar
  10. 1956 Note Sur Le Midewiwin. Anthropologica 2: 165–217. Open Google Scholar
  11. Bates, Robert L., and Julia A. Jackson Open Google Scholar
  12. 1984 Dictionary of Geological Terms. New York: Anchor Books. [3rd ed.] Open Google Scholar
  13. Berkes, Fikret, and Iain J. Davidson-Hunt Open Google Scholar
  14. 2006 Biodiversity, Traditional Management Systems, and Cultural Landscapes. Examples from the Boreal Forest of Canada. International Social Science Journal 58: 35–47. Open Google Scholar
  15. Bhar, Donald Open Google Scholar
  16. 1991 Interpreting Sacramental Systems. The Midewiwin and The Wi:Gita. Wicazo Sa Review 7/2: 18–25. Open Google Scholar
  17. Bianchi, Néstor O., and Francisco Rothhammer Open Google Scholar
  18. 1995 Reply to Torroni and Wallace. American Journal of Human Genetics 56: 1236–1238. Open Google Scholar
  19. Bishop, Charles A. Open Google Scholar
  20. 1976 The Emergence of the Northern Ojibwa. Social and Economic Consequences. American Ethnologist 3/1: 39–54. Open Google Scholar
  21. Bishop, Charles A., and Arthur J. Ray Open Google Scholar
  22. 1976 Ethnohistoric Research in the Central Subarctic. Some Conceptual and Methodological Problems. The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 6 /1: 116–144. Open Google Scholar
  23. Bishop, Charles. A., and Smith, Michael E. Open Google Scholar
  24. 1975 Early Historic Populations in Northwestern Ontario. Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Interpretations. American Antiquity 40/1: 54–63. Open Google Scholar
  25. Blessing, Frederick K. Open Google Scholar
  26. 1963 Birchbark Mide Scrolls from Minnesota. Minnesota Archaeologist 29: 91–143. Open Google Scholar
  27. 1977 The Ojibway Indians Observed. Papers of Fred K. Blessing from The Minnesota Archaeologist. St. Paul: Minnesota Archaeological Press. Open Google Scholar
  28. Bolnick, Deborah, and David G. Smith Open Google Scholar
  29. 2003 Unexpected Patterns of Mitochrondrial DNA Variation among Native Americans from the Southeastern United States. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 122/4: 336–354. Open Google Scholar
  30. Bonan, Gordon B., and Herman H. Shugart Open Google Scholar
  31. 1989 Environmental Factors and Ecological Processes in Boreal Forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 20: 1–28. Open Google Scholar
  32. Bonneau, Adelphine, David Pearce, Peter Mitchell, Richard Staff, Charles Arthur, Lara Mallen, Fiona Brock, and Tom Higham. Open Google Scholar
  33. 2017 The Earliest Directly Dated Rock Paintings from Southern Africa. New AMS Radiocarbon Dates. Antiquity 91/356: 322–333. Open Google Scholar
  34. Brandt, James P. Open Google Scholar
  35. 2009 The Extent of the North American Boreal Zone. Environmental Reviews 17: 101–161. Open Google Scholar
  36. Brown, Jennifer S. H., and Robert Brightman Open Google Scholar
  37. 1988 The Orders of the Dreamed. George Nelson on the Cree and the Northern Ojibwa Religion and Myth, 1823. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. Open Google Scholar
  38. Cadzow, Donald A. Open Google Scholar
  39. 1926 Bark Records of the Bungi Midewin Society. Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the American Indian 3: 123–134. Open Google Scholar
  40. Carroll, Francis M. Open Google Scholar
  41. 2001 A Good and Wise Measure. The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1784– 1842. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Open Google Scholar
  42. Chartier, Daniel Open Google Scholar
  43. 2007 Towards a Grammar of the Idea of North – Nordicity, Winterity. Nordlit 22: 35–47. Open Google Scholar
  44. Coates, Kenneth S., and William R. Morrison Open Google Scholar
  45. 2008 The New North in Canadian History and Historiography. History Compass 6/2: 639–658. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00515.x> [31.10.2024] Open Google Scholar
  46. Coleman, Bernard Open Google Scholar
  47. 1937 The Religion of the Ojibway of Northern Minnesota. Primitive Man 10/3–4: 33–57. Open Google Scholar
  48. 1947 Decorative Designs of the Ojibwa of Northern Minnesota. Washington: Catholic University of American Press. Open Google Scholar
  49. Colson, Alicia J. M. Open Google Scholar
  50. 2006 An Obsession with Meaning. A Critical Examination of the Pictograph Sites of the Lake of the Woods. Montreal: McGill University. [PhD Dissertation]. Open Google Scholar
  51. 2007 What Do These Symbols Mean? A Critical Review of the Images Found on the Rocks of the Canadian Shield with Specific Reference to the Pictographs of the Lake of the Woods. Revista de Arqueología Americana 25: 101–185. Open Google Scholar
  52. 2011 Do Not Make Snap Decisions about What You Are Seeing. How Digital Analysis of the Images from the Canadian Shield Highlights the Difficulties in Classifying Shapes. International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 5/1: 59–81. Open Google Scholar
  53. Conway, Thor, and Julie Conway Open Google Scholar
  54. 1990 Spirits on Stone. The Agawa Pictographs. Echo Bay: Heritage Discoveries. Open Google Scholar
  55. Cooper, James M. Open Google Scholar
  56. 1936 Notes on the Ethnology of the Otchipwe of the Lake of the Woods and of Rainy Lake. Catholic University of America, Anthropological Series 3: 1–28. Open Google Scholar
  57. Copway, George Open Google Scholar
  58. 1851 The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation [Microform]. Boston: B. B. Mussey. Open Google Scholar
  59. Creese, John L. Open Google Scholar
  60. 2011 Algonquian Rock Art and the Landscape of Power. Journal of Social Archaeology 11/1: 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469605310388368. Open Google Scholar
  61. 2017 Art as Kinship. Signs of Life in the Eastern Woodlands. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27/4: 643–654. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095977431700066x. Open Google Scholar
  62. 2021 Lines of Becoming. Rock Art, Ontology, and Indigenous Knowledge Practices. In: O. Moro-Abadía and M. Porr (eds.), Ontologies of Rock Art Images, Relational Approaches, and Indigenous Knowledges; pp. 161–177. London: Routledge. Open Google Scholar
  63. Dailey, Robert C. Open Google Scholar
  64. 1958 The Midewiwin. Ontario’s First Medical Society. Ontario History 3: 133–138. Open Google Scholar
  65. Dawn, Leslie A. Open Google Scholar
  66. 2001 How Canada Stole the Idea of Native Art. The Group of Seven and Images of the Indian in the 1920’s. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. [PhD Dissertation] <http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12940> [31.10.2024] Open Google Scholar
  67. Dawson, Kenneth C. A. Open Google Scholar
  68. 1977 Northwestern Ontario Historic Populations. Man in the Northeast 13: 67–77. Open Google Scholar
  69. 1987 Northwestern Ontario and the Early Contact Period. The Northern Ojibwa from 1615–1715. Canadian Journal of Anthropology 17: 143–180. Open Google Scholar
  70. 1983 Prehistory of the Interior Forest of Northern Ontario. In: A. T. Steegman (ed.); pp. 55–84. Open Google Scholar
  71. Denny, J. Peter Open Google Scholar
  72. 1989 Algonquian Connections to Salishan and Northeastern Archaeology. In: W. Cowan (ed.), Papers of the Twentieth Algonquian Conference; pp. 86–107. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  73. 1991 The Algonquian Migration from Plateau to Midwest. Linguistics and Archaeology. In: W. Cowan (ed.), Papers of the Twentieth Algonquian Conference; pp. 103–124. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  74. Densmore, Frances Open Google Scholar
  75. 1910 Chippewa Music I. Bulletin 45. Washington: Government Printing Office, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Open Google Scholar
  76. 1913 Chippewa Music II. Bulletin 53. Washington: Government Printing Office, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Open Google Scholar
  77. 1974 How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine and Crafts. New York: Dover Publications. [1937] Open Google Scholar
  78. Dewdney, Selwyn Open Google Scholar
  79. 1975 Sacred Scrolls of the Southern Ojibwa. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Open Google Scholar
  80. Dewdney, Selwyn, and Kenneth E. Kidd Open Google Scholar
  81. 1962 Indian Paintings of the Great Lakes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [1st ed.] Open Google Scholar
  82. 1967 Indian Paintings of the Great Lakes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [2nd ed.] Open Google Scholar
  83. 1975 Indian Paintings of the Great Lakes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. [3rd ed.] Open Google Scholar
  84. Duncan, Kate C. Open Google Scholar
  85. 1991 So Many Bags, so Little Known. Reconstructing Patterns of Evolution and Distribution of Two Algonquian Bag Forms. Arctic Archaeology 28/1: 56–66. Open Google Scholar
  86. Elson, John A. Open Google Scholar
  87. 1967 Soils of the Lake Agassiz Region. In: R. F. Leggett (ed.), Soils in Canada. Geological, Pedological and Engineering Studies; pp. 51–79. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Open Google Scholar
  88. Eshleman, Jason, Ripan S. Malhi, John R. Johnson, Frederika A. Kaestle, Joseph Lorenz, and David Glenn Smith Open Google Scholar
  89. 2004 Mitochondrial DNA and prehistoric settlements. Native Migrants on the Western Edge of North America. Human Biology 76/1: 55–75. Open Google Scholar
  90. Evans, G. Edward Open Google Scholar
  91. 1961 Prehistoric Blackduck – Historic Assiniboine. A Reassessment. Plains Anthropologist 6/14: 271–275. Open Google Scholar
  92. Fiddler, Chief T., and James R. Stevens Open Google Scholar
  93. 1995 Killing the Shamen. Ottawa: Penumbra Press. [6th ed.] Open Google Scholar
  94. Fiedel, Stuart J. Open Google Scholar
  95. 1987 Algonquian Origins. A Problem in Archaeological-Linguistic Correlation. Archaeology of Eastern North America 15: 1–11. Open Google Scholar
  96. 1990 Middle Woodland Algonquian Expansion. A Refined Model. North American Archaeologist 11: 209–230. Open Google Scholar
  97. Fletcher, Allan John Open Google Scholar
  98. 1989 Industrial Algoma and the Myth of Wilderness. Algoma Landscapes and the Emergence of the Group of Seven, 1918–1920. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. <http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28221> [04.11.2024] [MA Thesis] Open Google Scholar
  99. Fox, William A. Open Google Scholar
  100. 1974 Fall Archaeological Survey North Central and Northwestern Regions. Thunder Bay: Ministry of Culture. [Manuscript on file. Historical Planning and Research Branch. North Central Region]. Open Google Scholar
  101. Fulford, George Open Google Scholar
  102. 1992 The Pictographic Account Book of an Ojibwa Fur Trader. In: W. Cowan (ed.), Papers of the Twenty-Third Algonquian Conference; pp. 190–233. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  103. Gardner, James S. Open Google Scholar
  104. 1981 General Environment. In: J. Helm (ed.); pp. 5–14. Open Google Scholar
  105. Gibbons, George Open Google Scholar
  106. 1929 Address by Sir George Gibbons, K.C., before the Canadian Bar Appropriation, Toronto, 1916. In: International Joint Commission (ed.), Papers Relating to the Work of the International Joint Commission; pp. 7–17. Ottawa: International Joint Commission. Open Google Scholar
  107. Goddard, Ives Open Google Scholar
  108. 1975 Algonquian, Wiyot, and Yurok. Proving a Distant Genetic Relationship. In: M. D. Kinkade, K. L. Hale, and O. Werner (eds.), Linguistics and Anthropology; pp. 249–262. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press. Open Google Scholar
  109. 1978 Central Algonquian Languages. In: B. G. Trigger (ed.) Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15: Northeast; pp. 583–587. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Open Google Scholar
  110. 1979 Comparative Algonquian. In: L. Campbell and M. Muthun (eds.), The Languages of Native America. Historical and Comparative Assessment; pp. 70–132. Austin: University of Texas Press. Open Google Scholar
  111. 1994 The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology. In: W. Cowan (ed.), Papers of the Twenty-Fifth Algonquian Conference; pp. 187–211. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  112. Greenburg, Adolph M., and James Morrison Open Google Scholar
  113. 1982 Group Identities in the Boreal Forest. The Origin of the Northern Ojibwa. Ethnohistory 29/2: 75–102. Open Google Scholar
  114. Grim, John A. Open Google Scholar
  115. 1983 The Shaman. Patterns of Religious Healing among the Ojibway Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Open Google Scholar
  116. Hallowell, Alfred Irving Open Google Scholar
  117. 1936 The Passing of the Midewiwin in the Lake Winnipeg Region. American Anthropologist 38/1: 32–51. Open Google Scholar
  118. 1955 Culture and Experience. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Open Google Scholar
  119. 1992 The Ojibwa of Berens River, Manitoba. Ethnography into History. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Janovich College Publications. Open Google Scholar
  120. Hamilton, Scott Open Google Scholar
  121. 1996 Pleistocene Landscape Features and Plano Archaeological Sites upon the Kaminstiquia River Delta, Thunder Bay District.Thunder Bay: Lakehead University. Open Google Scholar
  122. Hammill, Faye Open Google Scholar
  123. 2012 Wilderness/Sophistication. In: The Seventh Eccles Centre for American Studies Plenary Lecture given at the British Association for Canadian Studies Annual Conference, 2012; pp. 1–22. London: The Eccles Centre for American Studies. Open Google Scholar
  124. Hare, F. Kenneth Open Google Scholar
  125. 1976 Late Pleistocene and Holocene Climates. Some Persistent Problems. Quaternary Research 6: 507–517. Open Google Scholar
  126. Hare, F. Kenneth., and Morley K. Thomas Open Google Scholar
  127. 1979 Climate Canada. Toronto: Wiley. Open Google Scholar
  128. Harper, Karen A. et al. Open Google Scholar
  129. 2015 Edge Influence on Vegetation at Natural and Anthropogenic Edges of Boreal Forests in Canada and Fennoscandia. Journal of Ecology 103/3: 550–562. <https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12398> [04.11.2024] Open Google Scholar
  130. Haas, Mary R. Open Google Scholar
  131. 1960 Some Genetic Affiliations of Algonkian. In: S. Diamond (ed.), Culture in History. Essays in Honor of Paul Radin; pp. 977–992. New York: Columbia University. Open Google Scholar
  132. 1965 Is Kutenai Related to Algonkian? Canadian Journal of Linguistics 10/2–3: 77–92. Open Google Scholar
  133. Helm, June (ed.) Open Google Scholar
  134. 1981 Handbook of the North American Indians. Vol. 6: Subarctic. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Open Google Scholar
  135. Henney, Jeannette H. Open Google Scholar
  136. 1961 American Indian Beadwork in Middle North America and the Influence of European Materials and Patterns. Ohio: The Ohio State University. [MA Thesis]. Open Google Scholar
  137. Hickerson, Harold A. Open Google Scholar
  138. 1962a The Southwestern Chippewa. An Ethnohistorical Study. Menasha: American Anthropological Association. Open Google Scholar
  139. 1962b Notes on the Post-Contact Origin of the Midewiwin. Ethnohistory 9/4: 404–423. Open Google Scholar
  140. 1963 The Sociohistorical Significance of Two Chippewa Ceremonials. American Anthropologist 65/1: 67–85. Open Google Scholar
  141. 1966 The Genesis of Bilaterality among Two Divisions of Chippewa. American Anthropologist 68/1: 1–26. Open Google Scholar
  142. 1967 Land Tenure of the Rainy Lake Chippewa at the Beginning of the 19th Century. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 2/4: 41–63. Open Google Scholar
  143. 1970 The Chippewa and Their Neighbors. A Study in Ethnohistory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Open Google Scholar
  144. Hilger, Sister M. Inez Open Google Scholar
  145. 1936 Chippewa Customs. Primitive Man 9/2: 17–24. Open Google Scholar
  146. Hinshelwood, Andrew Open Google Scholar
  147. 1996 Boreal Forest Fire Ecology and Archaeological Site Formation. An Example from Northern Ontario. Ontario Archaeology 62: 63–92. Open Google Scholar
  148. Hlady, Walter M. Open Google Scholar
  149. 1970 Manitoba. The Northern Woodlands. In: W. M. Hlady (ed.), Ten Thousand Years. Archaeology in Manitoba; pp. 93–121. Winnipeg: Manitoba Archaeological Society. Open Google Scholar
  150. Hodder, Ian Open Google Scholar
  151. 1987 The Contextual Analysis of Symbolic Meanings. In: I. Hodder (ed.) The Archaeology of Contextual Meanings; pp. 1–10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Open Google Scholar
  152. Hoffman, Walter James Open Google Scholar
  153. 1891 The Midewiwin or the “Grand Medicine Society.” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1885–1886. Washington: Government Printing Press. Open Google Scholar
  154. Holzkamm, Tim E., and Michael McCarthy Open Google Scholar
  155. 1988 Potential Fishery for Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser Feolivescens) as indicated by the Returns of the Hudson’s Bay Company Lac La Pluie District. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45/5: 921–923. Open Google Scholar
  156. Holzkamm, Tim E., and Leo G. Waisberg Open Google Scholar
  157. 1993 “A Tendency to Discourage Them from Cultivating.” Ojibwa Agriculture and Indian Affairs Administration in Northwestern Ontario. Ethnohistory 40/2: 175–211. Open Google Scholar
  158. 1993 Agriculture and One 19th-Century Ojibwa Band: “They Hardly Ever Lose Sight of Their Field.” In: M. Cowan (ed.), The 23rd Algonquian Conference; pp. 407–424. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  159. Holzkamm, Tim E., Victor P. Lytwyn, and Leo G. Waisberg Open Google Scholar
  160. 1988 Rainy River Sturgeon. An Ojibway Resource in the Fur Trade Economy. Canadian Geographies 32/3: 194–205. Open Google Scholar
  161. Jago, Robert Open Google Scholar
  162. 2017 Canada’s National Parks Are Colonial Crime Scenes. <https://thewalrus.ca/canadas-national-parks-are-colonial-crime-scenes/> [04.11.2024] Open Google Scholar
  163. Jaritz, Gerhardt Open Google Scholar
  164. 1993 Images. A Primer of Computer-Supported Analysis with KLEIO IAS. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  165. Jaritz, Gerhardt, and Barbara Schuh Open Google Scholar
  166. 1992 Describing the Indescribable. In: M. Thaller (ed.), Images and Manuscripts in Historical Computing; pp. 143–153. St. Katharinen: Scripta Mercaturae Verlag. Open Google Scholar
  167. Jessup, Lynda Open Google Scholar
  168. 2002 The Group of Seven and the Tourist Landscape in Western Canada, or The More Things Change ... Journal of Canadian Studies 37/1: 144–179. Open Google Scholar
  169. Johnson, Edward A., and Kioyoko Miyanishi Open Google Scholar
  170. 2012 The Boreal Forest as a Cultural Landscape. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249/1: 151–165. Open Google Scholar
  171. Jones, Tim E. H. Open Google Scholar
  172. 1981 The Aboriginal Rock Paintings of the Churchill River. In: Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series. Vol. 4; pp. 44–49. Regina: Saskatchewan Department of Culture and Youth. Open Google Scholar
  173. Kaufmann, Eric, and Oliver Zimmer Open Google Scholar
  174. 1998 In Search of the Authentic Nation. Landscape and National Identity in Canada and Switzerland. Nations and Nationalism 4: 483–510. Open Google Scholar
  175. Kenyon, Walter A. Open Google Scholar
  176. 1970 The Armstrong Mound on Rainy River, Ontario. Canadian Historic Sites – Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History 3: 65–84. Open Google Scholar
  177. 1986 Mounds of Sacred Earth. Burial Mounds of Ontario. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. Open Google Scholar
  178. Kinietz, Vernon W. Open Google Scholar
  179. 1940 Birch Bark Records among the Chippewa. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 49: 38–40. Open Google Scholar
  180. Kohl, Johann Georg Open Google Scholar
  181. 1985 Kitchi-Gami Life among the Lake Superior Ojibway. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. [Repr. of orig.1860 ed.] Open Google Scholar
  182. Kuhlberg, Mark Open Google Scholar
  183. 2012 An Accomplished History, An Uncertain Future. Canada’s Pulp and Paper Industry since the Early 1800s. In: J.-A. Lamberg, J. Ojala, Mirva Peltoniemi, and T. Särkkä (eds.), The Evolution of the Global Paper Industry 1800–2050. A Comparative Analysis; pp. 101–363. London: Springer. Open Google Scholar
  184. Lambert, Peter J. Open Google Scholar
  185. n.d. The Northwestern Ontario Rock Art Project: The 1985 Results. Northwestern Region Conservation Archaeology Report. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture. Open Google Scholar
  186. Landes, Ruth Open Google Scholar
  187. 1937 The Ojibwa of Canada. In: Margaret Mead (ed.), Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples; pp. 87–126. New York: McGraw-Hill. Open Google Scholar
  188. 1968 Ojibwa Religion and the Midewiwin. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Open Google Scholar
  189. Lanoue, Guy Open Google Scholar
  190. 1989 Images on Stone. A Theory on Interpreting Rock Art. Rome: Art Center. Open Google Scholar
  191. 1990 When Is a Turtle a Turtle? Representations of Social Solidarity in Rock Art. Journal de La Société Des Américanistes 76: 7–31. Open Google Scholar
  192. Lawson, Andrew C. Open Google Scholar
  193. 1885 Ancient Rock Inscriptions on the Lake of the Woods. American Naturalist 19/7: 654–657. Open Google Scholar
  194. Lewis, Tyler L., Mark S. Lindberg, Joel A. Schmutz, and Mark R. Bertram. Open Google Scholar
  195. 2014 Multi-Trophic Resilience of Boreal Lake Ecosystems to Forest Fires. Ecology 95/5: 1253–1263. Open Google Scholar
  196. Lorenz, Joseph G., and Donald G. Smith Open Google Scholar
  197. 1994 Distribution of the 9-Bp Mitochondrial DNA Region V Deletion among North American Indians. Human Biology 66: 777–788. Open Google Scholar
  198. 1996 Distribution of Four Founding MtDNA Haplogroups among Native North Americans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101/3: 307–323. Open Google Scholar
  199. 1997 Distribution of Sequence Variation in the MtDNA Control Region of Native North Americans. Human Biology 69/6: 749–776. Open Google Scholar
  200. Lugenbeal, Edward N. Open Google Scholar
  201. 1976 The Archaeology of the Smith Site. A Study of the Ceramics and Culture History of Minnesota Laurel and Blackduck. Madison: University of Wisconsin [PhD Dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology]. Open Google Scholar
  202. 1978 The Blackduck Ceramics of the Smith Site (21KC3) and their Implications for the History of the Blackduck Ceramics and Culture in Northern Minnesota. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 3/1: 45–68. Open Google Scholar
  203. Lovisek, Joan A, Leo G. Waisberg, and Tim E. Holzkamm Open Google Scholar
  204. 1995 “Deprived of That Part of Their Living”: Colonialism and Nineteenth Century Flooding of Ojibwa Lands. In: W. Cowan (ed.) Papers of the 26th Algonquian Conference; pp. 226–239. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. Open Google Scholar
  205. Luby, Brittany Open Google Scholar
  206. 2020 “The Department Is Going Back on These Promises”: An Examination of Anishinaabe and Crown Understandings of Treaty. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 30/2: 203–228. Open Google Scholar
  207. Mackey, Eva Open Google Scholar
  208. 2000 “Death by Landscape”: Race, Nature and Gender in Canadian Nationalist Mythology. Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme 20: 125–130. Open Google Scholar
  209. Malhi, Ripan S., Beth A. Schultz, and Donald G. Smith Open Google Scholar
  210. 2001 Distribution of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages among Native American Tribes of Northeastern North America. Human Biology 73/1: 17–55. Open Google Scholar
  211. Malhi, Ripan S., Jason A. Eshelman, J. A. Greenburg, Donald A. Weiss, Beth A. S. Shook, Frederika A. Kaestle, Joseph A. Lorenz, Brian M. Kemp, John R. Johnson, and Donald G. Smith Open Google Scholar
  212. 2003 The Structure of Diversity within New World Mitochondrial DNA Halplogroups. Implications for the Prehistory of North America. American Journal of Human Genetics 70/4: 905–919. Open Google Scholar
  213. Malhi, Ripan S., Holly M. Mortensen, Jason. A. Eshleman, Brian. M. Kemp, Joseph. G. Lorenz, Frederika A. Kaestle, John R. Johnson, Clara Gorodezky, and Donald G. Smith Open Google Scholar
  214. 2003 Native American mtDNA Prehistory in the American Southwest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120/2: 108–124. Open Google Scholar
  215. Malhi, Ripan. S., Katherine Breece, Beth A. S. Shook, Frederika A. Kaestle, James C. Chatters, Steven Hackenburger, and Donald G. Smith Open Google Scholar
  216. 2004 Patterns of MtDNA Diversity in Northwestern North America. Human Biology 76/1: 33–54. Open Google Scholar
  217. Matson, G. Albin, Elizabeth A. Koch, and Philip Levine Open Google Scholar
  218. 1954 A Study of the Hereditary Blood Factors among the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota. America Journal of Physical Anthropology 12/3: 413–426. Open Google Scholar
  219. Mayer-Oakes, William J. Open Google Scholar
  220. 1970 Archaeological Investigations in the Grand Rapids Manitoba Reservoir 1961–1962 Occasional Paper. Winnipeg: Department of Archaeology, University of Manitoba. Open Google Scholar
  221. Meyer, David, and Scott Hamilton Open Google Scholar
  222. 1994 Neighbours to the North. In: K. H. Schlesier (ed.), Plains Indians: AD 500–1500. The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups; pp. 71–95. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Open Google Scholar
  223. Meyer, Melissa L. Open Google Scholar
  224. 1990 Signatures and Thumbprints. Ethnicity among the White Earth Anishinnabeg, 1889–1920. Social Science History 14/3: 305–345. Open Google Scholar
  225. 1991 “We Can Not Get a Living as We Used To”: Dispossession and the White Earth Anishinaabeg, 1889–1920. The American Historical Review 96/2: 368–394. Open Google Scholar
  226. Myers, R. M., and James M. Tylor Open Google Scholar
  227. 1974 An Investigation of the Natural Deterioration of Aboriginal Rock Paintings by Scanning Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. In: Tutorial and Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference, 16: 16 A-16 C. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  228. Norder, John W. Open Google Scholar
  229. 2003 Marking Place and Creating Space in Northern Algonquian Landscapes. The Rock Art of the Lake of the Woods Region, Ontario. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. <https://search.proquest.com/docview/305324103> [05.11.2024] Open Google Scholar
  230. 2007 Iktomi in the Land of the Maymaygwayshi. Understanding Lived Experience in the Practice of Archaeology Among American Indians/First Nations. Archaeologies – Journal of the World Archaeological Congress 3/3: 230–248. Open Google Scholar
  231. 2012a The Creation and Endurance of Memory and Place Among First Nations of Northwestern Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16: 385–400. Open Google Scholar
  232. 2012b Landscapes of Memory and Presence in the Canadian Shield. In: L. Sundstrom and W. DeBoer (eds.), Enduring Motives. The Archaeology of Tradition and Religion in Native America; pp. 235–250. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Open Google Scholar
  233. 2018 Listen for the Echo of Drums Across the Water. Rock Art Sites as Engaged Community Outreach in Ontario, Canada. In: S.W. Silliman (ed.) Engaging Archaeology. 25 Case Studies in Research Practice; pp. 71–86. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Open Google Scholar
  234. Norder, John W., and Jon W. Carroll Open Google Scholar
  235. 2011 Applied Geospatial Perspectives on the Rock Art of the Lake of the Woods Region of Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 2/4: 77–92. Open Google Scholar
  236. Norder, John W., and Dagmara Zawadzka Open Google Scholar
  237. 2016 What the Places Can Teach Us. Challenges for Cultural Tourism and Indigenous Stewardship of Rock Art Sites in the North American Midcontinent. In: L. M. Brady and P. S. C. Tacon, (eds.), Relating to Rock Art in the Contemporary World. Navigating Symbolism, Meaning and Significance; pp. 59–81. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. Open Google Scholar
  238. Paap, Howard Dorsay Open Google Scholar
  239. 1985 The Ojibwa Midewiwin. A Structural Analysis. Saint Paul: University of Minnesota [PhD dissertation] Open Google Scholar
  240. Peers, Laura Open Google Scholar
  241. 1994 The Ojibwa of Western Canada 1780–1870. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. Open Google Scholar
  242. Phillips, Ruth B. Open Google Scholar
  243. 1984 Zigzag and Spiral. Geometric Motifs in Great Lakes Indian Costume. In: W. Cowan (ed.), Papers of the Fifteenth Algonquian Conference; pp. 400–424. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  244. 1999 Trading Identities. The Souvenir in Native North American Art from the Northeast, 1700–1900. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. Open Google Scholar
  245. Phillips, Ruth B., and Christopher B. Steiner Open Google Scholar
  246. 1999 Unpacking Culture. Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press. Open Google Scholar
  247. Pufahl, John K. Open Google Scholar
  248. 1990 Conserving Aspects of Native Culture through Pictograph Documentation in Northwestern Ontario. First Annual Archaeological Report (New Series) 1: 15–16. Open Google Scholar
  249. Rajnovich, Grace Open Google Scholar
  250. 1989 Visions in the Quest for Medicine. An Interpretation of the Indian Pictographs of the Canadian Shield. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 14/2: 179–225. Open Google Scholar
  251. 1994 Reading Rock Art. Interpreting the Indian Paintings of the Canadian Shield. Toronto: Natural History/Natural History. Open Google Scholar
  252. Reid, Colin S. “Paddy” Open Google Scholar
  253. 1979 The Tranquil Channel Petroglyphs. Cultural Continuities in Lake of the Woods Rock Art. In: D. Lundy (ed.), CRARA 77 – Papers from the Fourth Biennial Conference of the Canadian Rock Art Research Association; pp. 245–253, 247–250. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum. Open Google Scholar
  254. Rogers, Edward S. Open Google Scholar
  255. 1963 Changing Settlement Patterns of the Cree-Ojibwa of Northern Ontario. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 19/1: 64–88. Open Google Scholar
  256. 1983 Cultural Adaptions. The Northern Ojibway of the Boreal Forest 1670–1980. In: A. T. Steegman (ed.); pp. 85–141. New York: Plenum Press. Open Google Scholar
  257. Rogers, Edward S., and James G. Taylor Open Google Scholar
  258. 1981a Northern Ojibwa. In: J. Helm; pp. 213–243. Open Google Scholar
  259. 1981b Environment and Culture in the Shield and Mackenzie Borderlands. In: J. Helm; pp. 141–144. Open Google Scholar
  260. Rhodes, Richard A., and Evelyn M. Todd Open Google Scholar
  261. 1981 Subarctic Algonquian Languages. In: J. Helm; pp. 52–66. Open Google Scholar
  262. Rusak, Jacqueline Open Google Scholar
  263. 1992 The White Otter Lake Pictograph Project – 1991 Results. Papers in Ontario Rock Art. Kenora: Ontario Rock Art Conservation Association. Open Google Scholar
  264. Sager, David Open Google Scholar
  265. 1994 Rose Collection of Moccasins in the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Transitional Woodland/Grassland Footwear. Canadian Journal of Native Studies 14/2: 273–304. Open Google Scholar
  266. 1996 An Unusual Eastern Grasslands Ojibway Shirt Type. American Indian Art Magazine 22/1: 36–47, 79–81. Open Google Scholar
  267. 2000 The Dual Side Seam. An Overlooked Moccasin. American Indian Art Magazine 22/1: 72–81. Open Google Scholar
  268. Sandlos, John Open Google Scholar
  269. 2001 From the Outside Looking In. Aesthetics, Politics, and Wildlife Conservation in the Canadian North. Environmental History 6/1: 6–31. Open Google Scholar
  270. 2005 Federal Spaces, Local Conflicts. National Parks and the Exclusionary Politics of the Conservation Movement in Ontario, 1900–1935. The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada 16/1: 293–318. Open Google Scholar
  271. Sapir, Edward Open Google Scholar
  272. 1916 Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture. A Study in Method. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau Open Google Scholar
  273. Scozzari, R, F. Cruciani, P. Santolamazza, D. Sellitto, D. E. C. Cole, L. A. Rubin, D. Labuda, E. Marini, V. Succa, G. Vona, and A. Torroni Open Google Scholar
  274. 1997 MtDNA and Y Chromosome-Specific Polymorphisms in Modern Ojibwa. Implications about the Origin of their Gene Pool. American Journal of Human Genetics 60: 241–244. Open Google Scholar
  275. Schenk, Theresa Open Google Scholar
  276. 1994 Identifying the Ojibwa. In: W. Cowan (ed.) Actes du vingt-cinquième congrès des Algonquinistes; pp. 395–405. Ottawa: Carleton University. Open Google Scholar
  277. Schlesier, Karl Open Google Scholar
  278. 1990 Rethinking the Midewiwin and the Plains Ceremonial Called the Sun Dance. Plains Anthropologist 35/127: 1–27. Open Google Scholar
  279. Schoolcraft, Henry R. Open Google Scholar
  280. 1854 Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co. Open Google Scholar
  281. Schultz, Beth A., Ripan S. Malhi, and Donald S. Smith Open Google Scholar
  282. 2001 Examining the Proto-Algonquian Migration. Analysis of MtDNA. Archives of the Algonquian Conference Papers 32: 470–492. Open Google Scholar
  283. Schultz, Margaret Open Google Scholar
  284. 2018 More to That Tree Than Meets the Eye. The Group of Seven, Canadian Nationalism, and the Environment. Constellations 9/2: <https://doi.org/10.29173/cons29347> [05.11.2024] Open Google Scholar
  285. Schurr, Theodore. G., Scott W. Ballinger, Yik-Yuen. Gan, Judith A. Hodge, D. Andrew Merriwether, Dale N. Lawrence, Willliam C. Knowler, Kenneth W. Weiss, and Douglas C. Wallace Open Google Scholar
  286. 1990 Amerindian Mitochondrial DNAs Have Rare Asian Mutations at High Frequencies, Suggesting They Derived from Four Primary Maternal Lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics 46/3: 613–623. Open Google Scholar
  287. Shook, Beth A. (Schultz) Open Google Scholar
  288. 2004 Detecting Relationships in the Great Lakes Region Using Ancient MtDNA. Paper presented at American Association for Physical Anthropologists meeting Tampa, FL, April 14–17. Open Google Scholar
  289. Skinner, Alanson Open Google Scholar
  290. 1911 Notes on the Eastern Cree and Northern Saulteaux. Anthropological Papers. New York: American Museum of Natural History. <http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/121> [05.11.2024] Open Google Scholar
  291. Smith, Donald Glenn, Ripan S. Malhi, James A. Eshleman, Joseph. G. Lorenz, and Frederika A. Kaestle Open Google Scholar
  292. 1999 Distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup X among Native North Americans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110/3: 271–284. Open Google Scholar
  293. Smith, Sheryl. A. Open Google Scholar
  294. 1981 The Archaeology of Red Lake. In: C. S. Reid and W. A. Ross (eds.) Studies in West Patricia Archaeology. Vol. 2: 1979–1980; pp. 25–114. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communication. Open Google Scholar
  295. Smith, Theresa S. Open Google Scholar
  296. 1995 The Island of the Anishnaabeg. Thunderers and Water Monsters in the Traditional Ojibwe Life-World. Moscow: University of Idaho Press. Open Google Scholar
  297. Spagna, Francesco Open Google Scholar
  298. 1998 I Codici Di Cortecca Di Betulla Della Tradizione Anishinaabe. THULE – Rivista Italiana Di Studi Americanistici 4/5: 43–56. Open Google Scholar
  299. Steegman, A. Theodore (ed.) Open Google Scholar
  300. 1983 Boreal Forest Adaptations. The Northern Algonkians. New York: Plenum Press. Open Google Scholar
  301. Steinbring, Jack Open Google Scholar
  302. 1982 Shamanistic Manipulations and the Algonkian Idiom in The Archaeoethnology of Rock Art. American Indian Rock Art 7-8: 212–221. Open Google Scholar
  303. Steinbring, Jack and Douglas Elias Open Google Scholar
  304. 1968 A Key Pictograph from the Bloodvein River, Manitoba. American Antiquity 33/4: 499–501. Open Google Scholar
  305. Stevens, Peter A. Open Google Scholar
  306. 2013 A Little Place in the (Next) Country. Negotiating Nature and Nation in 1970s Ontario. Journal of Canadian Studies 47/3: 42–66. Open Google Scholar
  307. Stone Anne C., and Mark Stoneking Open Google Scholar
  308. 1993 Ancient DNA from a Pre-Columbian Amerindian Population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92: 463-471. Open Google Scholar
  309. Strube, Johann, and Kimberley A. Thomas Open Google Scholar
  310. 2021 Damming Rainy Lake and the Ongoing Production of Hydrocolonialism in the US-Canada Boundary Waters. Water Alternatives 14/1: 135–157. Open Google Scholar
  311. Szach, Natasha Open Google Scholar
  312. 2013 Keepers of the Water. Exploring Anishinaabe and Métis Women’s Knowledge of Water and Participation in Water Governance. [Master Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg] Open Google Scholar
  313. Szathmary, Emöke J. E., and T. Edward Reed Open Google Scholar
  314. 1972 Caucasian Admixture in Two Ojibwa Indian Communities in Ontario. Human Biology 44/4: 655–671. Open Google Scholar
  315. Szathmary, Emöke J. E, Diane Wilson Cox, Henry Gerschowitz, Donald L. Ruchnagel, and Melvin S. Schanfield Open Google Scholar
  316. 1974 The Northern and Southern Ojibwa. Serum Proteins and Red Cell Enzyme Systems. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 40/1: 49–65. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330400106> [05.11.2024] Open Google Scholar
  317. Szathmary, Emöke J. E., James F. Mohn, Henry Gershowitz, Reginald M. Lambert, and T. Edward Reed Open Google Scholar
  318. 1975 The Northern and Southern Ojibwa. Blood Group Systems and Causes of Genetic Divergence. Human Biology 47/3: 351–368. Open Google Scholar
  319. Szathmary, Emöke J. E., and Franklin Auger Open Google Scholar
  320. 1983 Biological Relationships and Genetic Relationships within Algonkians. In: A. T. Steegman (ed.); pp. 289–315. Open Google Scholar
  321. Tapper, Bryn, Oscar Moro-Abadía, and Dagmara Zawadzka Open Google Scholar
  322. 2021 Representation and Meaning in Rock Art. The Case of Algonquian Rock Images. World Archaeology 52/3: 449–462. Open Google Scholar
  323. Taylor, James M., Wilfred Bokman, and Ian N. M. Wainwright Open Google Scholar
  324. 1979 Rock Art Conservation. Some Realities and Practical Considerations. In: D. Lundy (ed.), CRARA 77 – Papers from the Fourth Biennial Conference of the Canadian Rock Art Research Association; pp. 293–324. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum. Open Google Scholar
  325. Taylor, James M., R. M. Myers, and Ian N. M. Wainwright Open Google Scholar
  326. 1974 Scientific Studies of Indian Rock Paintings in Canada. Bulletin of the American Institute for Conservation 14/2: 28–43. Open Google Scholar
  327. 1975 An Investigation of the Natural Deterioration of Rock Paintings in Canada. Studies in Conservation 20, Supplement 1: 1975 Stockholm Congress – Conservation in Archaeology and the Applied Arts: 87–91. <https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1975.s1.015> [06.11.2024] Open Google Scholar
  328. Terasmae, Jaan Open Google Scholar
  329. 1970 Post-Glacial Muskeg Development in Northern Ontario. In: J. Butler (ed.), Proceedings in the 13th Muskeg Research Conference, 7 and 8 May 1970, Technical Memorandum 99; pp. 73–90. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada. Open Google Scholar
  330. Thomson, John H., and Allen Seagar Open Google Scholar
  331. 1985 Canada 1922–1939. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. Open Google Scholar
  332. Thwaites, Reuben Gold Open Google Scholar
  333. 1959 The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610–1791. 73 vols. Cleveland: Burrows Brothers. [1896–1901] Open Google Scholar
  334. Tobenson, Michael, Arthur Aufderheide, and Elden Johnson Open Google Scholar
  335. 1992 Punctured Human Bones of the Laurel Culture from Smith Mound Four, Minnesota. American Antiquity 57/3: 506–514. Open Google Scholar
  336. 1994 Laurel Culture Remains from Smith Mounds Three and Four. Plains Anthropologist 39/150: 429–444. Open Google Scholar
  337. Torr Open Google Scholar

Citation

Download RIS Download BibTex
No access
You do not have access to this content.

Share via email

Media