The Energy Crisis as a Game Changer for Sustainable Investing?

Table of contents

Bibliographic information


Cover of Volume: Swiss Journal of Business Volume 79 (2025), Issue 4
Open Access Full access

Swiss Journal of Business

Volume 79 (2025), Issue 4


Authors:
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Copyright Year
2025
ISSN-Online
2944-3741
ISSN-Print
2944-3741

Chapter information


Open Access Full access

Volume 79 (2025), Issue 4

The Energy Crisis as a Game Changer for Sustainable Investing?


Authors:
ISSN-Print
2944-3741
ISSN-Online
2944-3741


Preview:

This paper examines the financial outcomes of investments in stocks with varying degrees of ESG-rated sustainability before and after the energy crisis that began to unfold in 2021. It was analysed whether the energy crisis has caused improvements or deteriorations in the performance of more-sustainable compared to less-sustainable stock investments. The paper addresses an apparent gap in the existing literature, where interdependencies among the risk–return profiles of stocks and the ESG ratings of their issuers have so far garnered little attention in the context of the energy crisis. The results suggest that the energy crisis has triggered significant changes in the risk-return profile of securities issued by companies deemed sustainable versus those classified as less sustainable. Compared to previous crises with other economic backgrounds, more-sustainable stocks showed similar behavior relative to less-sustainable ones. The findings carry implications for asset managers and economic policymakers in terms of their decision-making with regard to the configuration of subsidies.

Bibliography


  1. Ashraf, M. A. (2019). The mediating role of work atmosphere in the relationship between supervisor cooperation, career growth and job satisfaction. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(2), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-12-2017-0113 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  2. Chai, C. P. (2023). Comparison of text preprocessing methods. Natural Language Engineering, 29(3), 509–553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324922000213 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  3. Cloos, J. (2021). Employer review platforms – Do the rating environment and platform design affect the informativeness of reviews? Theory, evidence, and suggestions. Management Revue, 32(3), 152–181. https://doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2021-3-152 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  4. De Molli, F., Mengis, J., & van Marrewijk, A. (2020). The aestheticization of hybrid space: The atmosphere of the Locarno Film Festival. Organization Studies, 41(11), 1491–1512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840619867348 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  5. Ehrhart, M. G., & Schneider, B. (2016). Organizational Climate and Culture. In M. G. Ehrhart & B. Schneider (Eds.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology (1–26). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.3 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  6. Eifert, A. (forthcoming): Entwicklung einer Realtypologie der Atmosphären in Organisationen, Doctoral dissertation, FernUniversität in Hagen Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  7. Eifert, A., & Julmi, C. (2025). 5956 German affective norms for atmospheres in organizations (GANAiO). Behavior Research Methods, 57, Article 20. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02566-2 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  8. Elmholdt, K. T., Clausen, R. T. J., & Madsen, M. T. (2018). Seductive atmospheres: Using tools to effectuate spaces for leadership development. Journal of Change Management, 18(4), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2018.1453856 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  9. Ganster, D. C., & Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 39(5), 1085–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313475815 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  10. Ganster, D. C., & Schaubroeck, J. (1991). Work stress and employee health. Journal of Management, 17(2), 235–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700202 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  11. Gioia, D. (2021). A systematic methodology for doing qualitative research. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320982715 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  12. Giorgi, S., Lockwood, C., & Glynn, M. A. (2015). The many faces of culture: Making sense of 30 years of research on culture in Organization Studies. Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2015.1007645 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  13. Hannigan, T. R., Haans, R. F. J., Vakili, K., Tchalian, H., Glaser, V. L., Wang, M. S., Kaplan, S., & Jennings, P. D. (2019). Topic modeling in management research: Rendering new theory from textual data. Academy of Management Annals, 13(2), 586–632. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2017.0099orphans 3 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  14. Hickman, L., Thapa, S., Tay, L., Cao, M., & Srinivasan, P. (2022). Text preprocessing for text mining in organizational research: Review and recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 25(1), 114–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428120971683 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  15. Höllig, C. (2021). Online employer reviews as a data source: A systematic literature review. Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 4341–4350. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/72112 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  16. Höllig, C. (2022). Arbeitgeberbewertungen als empirische Datengrundlage. PERSONALquarterly(1), 12–17. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  17. Jørgensen, L., & Beyes, T. (2023). Organizing half-things: Knowing, theorizing and studying atmospheres. Organization Theory, 4(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/26317877231217309 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  18. Julmi, C. (2015). Atmosphären in Organisationen: Wie Gefühle das Zusammenleben in Organisationen beherrschen. Projektverlag. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  19. Julmi, C. (2017a). Ein Circumplex-Modell der Atmosphären. Sociologia Internationalis, 55(2), 191–211. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  20. Julmi, C. (2017b). The concept of atmosphere in management and organization studies. Organizational Aesthetics, 6(1), 4–30. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  21. Julmi, C. (2017c). Organisational atmospheres: the missing link between organisational culture and climate. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion, 8(2), 131–147. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  22. Julmi, C. (2022). Atmosphere in cultural organisations: A circumplex model of affective atmospheres. In F. De Molli & M. Vecco (Eds.), The metamorphosis of cultural and creative organizations: Exploring change from a spatial perspective (1st ed., pp. 13–26). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003134671-3 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  23. Julmi, C. (2024). Servicescape concept in the cultural and creative sectors. In Y. Jung, N. Vakharia, & M. Vecco (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of arts and cultural management (497–520). Oxford University Press. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  24. Julmi, C., Eifert, A., Dammert, J. E., & Wittwer, S. (2024). Arbeitsatmosphären-Report 2024: Aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme des Schlüsselfaktors Arbeitsatmosphäre in Deutschland. Springer Gabler. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  25. Knight, E. R. W., Lok, J., Jarzabkowski, P., & Wenzel, M. (2025). Sensing the room: The role of atmosphere in collective sensemaking. Acadeny of Management Journal, 68(2), 326–356. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  26. Kobayashi, V. B., Mol, S. T., Berkers, H. A., Kismihók, G., & Hartog, D. N. den (2018). Text classification for organizational researchers: A tutorial. Organizational Research Methods, 21(3), 766–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117719322 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  27. kununu. (2023). Kununu als Arbeitgeber. https://www.kununu.com/at/kununu Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  28. Kuppens, P., Tuerlinckx, F., Yik, M., Koval, P., Coosemans, J., Zeng, K. J., & Russell, J. A. (2017). The relation between valence and arousal in subjective experience varies with personality and culture. Journal of Personality, 85(4), 530–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12258 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  29. Leclair, M. (2023). The Atmospherics of Creativity: Affective and spatial materiality in a designer’s studio. Organization Studies, 44(5), 807–829. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406221080141 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  30. Marinescu, I., Chamberlain, A., Smart, M., & Klein, N. (2021). Incentives can reduce bias in online employer reviews. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 27(2), 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000342 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  31. McKenny, A. F., Aguinis, H., Short, J. C., & Anglin, A. H. (2018). What doesn’t get measured does exist: Improving the accuracy of computer-aided text analysis. Journal of Management, 44(7), 2909–2933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316657594 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  32. McKinsey. (2022). Paketboom hält an: Jede:r Deutsche erhält 40 Pakete pro Jahr. https://www.mckinsey.com/de/news/presse/2022-11-24-pakete Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  33. Michels, C., & Beyes, T. (2016). Spaces with a temper: On atmospheres of education. In C. Steyaert, T. Beyes, & M. Parker (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Reinventing Management Education (pp. 312–329). Routledge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  34. Michels, C., Hindley, C., Knowles, D., & Ruth, D. (2020). Learning atmospheres: Re-imagining management education through the dérive. Management Learning, 51(5), 559–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507620906673 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  35. Nandwani, P., & Verma, R. (2021). A review on sentiment analysis and emotion detection from text. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 11(1), Article 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00776-6 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  36. Radermacher, K., & Herdejürgen, E. M. (2022). Erkenntnisse von Arbeitgeberbewertungen: Potenzial von Atmosphäre und Arbeitsplätzen. PERSONALquarterly, 74(1), 24–33. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  37. Reid, S. W., McKenny, A. F., & Short, J. C. (2023). Synthesizing best practices for conducting dictionary-based computerized text analysis research. In A. D. Hill, A. F. McKenny, P. O’Kane, & S. Paroutis (Eds.), Research Methodology in Strategy and Management. Methods to Improve Our Field (pp. 43–78). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-838720220000014004 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  38. Russell, J. A., & Pratt, G. (1980). A description of the affective quality attributed to environments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 311–322. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  39. Schein, E. H., & Schein, P. (2017). Organization Culture and Leadership (5th ed.). The Jossey-Bass Business and Management Ser. Wiley. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kxp/detail.action?docID=4766585 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  40. Schmitz, H., Müllan, R. O., & Slaby, J. (2011). Emotions outside the box: The new phenomenology of feeling and corporeality. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 10(2), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-011-9195-1 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  41. Shadish, W., Cook, T., & Cambell, D. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Houghton Mifflin. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  42. Short, J. C., McKenny, A. F., & Reid, S. W. (2018). More than words? Computer-aided text analysis in organizational behavior and psychology research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 415–435. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104622 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  43. Swaraj, A. (2019). Exploratory research: Purpose and process. Parisheelan, XV(2), 666–670. http://crm.skspvns.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/110-ananya-swaraj.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  44. Thedvall, R. (2017). Affective atmospheres of hope: Management model training in public reforms. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 6(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-01-2017-0003 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  45. Vitry, C., Sage, D., & Dainty, A. (2020). Affective atmospheres of sensemaking and learning: Workplace meetings as aesthetic and anaesthetic. Management Learning, 51(3), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507619893930 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  46. Wolf, B. (2019). Atmospheres of learning: How they affect the development of our children. Atmospheric spaces: n. 5. Mimesis International. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  47. Yik, M., Mues, C., Sze, I. N. L., Kuppens, P., Tuerlinckx, F., Roover, K. de, Kwok, F. H. C., Schwartz, S. H., Abu-Hilal, M., Adebayo, D. F., Aguilar, P., Al-Bahrani, M., Anderson, M. H., Andrade, L., Bratko, D., Bushina, E., Choi, J. W., Cieciuch, J., Dru, V.,... Russell, J. A. (2023). On the relationship between valence and arousal in samples across the globe. Emotion, 23(2), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001095 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-363
  48. Albuquerque, R./Koskinen, Y./Zhang, C. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Risk: Theory and Empirical Evidence. In: Management Science. October 2019. Volume 65. No. 10. pp. 4451–4469. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3043. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  49. Albuquerque, R., Koskinen, Y., Yang, S., & Zhang, C. (2020). Resiliency of Environmental and Social Stocks: An Analysis of the Exogenous COVID-19 Market Crash. Online: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=3583611. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  50. Amtsgericht München (2025). Handelsregister des Amtsgerichts München, HRB 252581. Access: 09/07/2025. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  51. Arellano, M. (1987). PRACTITIONERS’ CORNER: Computing Robust Standard Errors for Within‐groups Estimators. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Volume 49. Issue 4. pp. 431–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1987.mp49004006.x. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  52. Auer, B. R./Rottmann, H. (2020). Statistik und Ökonometrie für Wirtschaftswissenschaftler. 4th edition. Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06439-6. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  53. Baltagi, B. H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 6th edition. Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53953-5. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  54. Becker, R./Sinko, A./Kakaroumpas, G. (2025). GARCH Modelling. Online: https://datasquad.github.io/ECLR/R_GarchModelling.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  55. Black, K. (2010). Business Statistics. 6th edition. Hoboken. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  56. Bofinger, P./Dullien, S./Fuest, C./Hüther, M./Südekum, J./Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Wirtschaftliche Implikationen der Corona‐Krise und wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen. Online: https://www.boeckler.de/pdf/imk_corona_wirtschaft.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  57. Bollerslev, T. (1986). Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. In: Journal of Econometrics. Volume 31(3). pp. 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(86)90063-1. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  58. Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory econometrics for finance. 2nd edition. Cambridge/New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841644. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  59. Bundesrepublik Deutschland. (2025a). Gesetz zur Einführung von Preisbremsen für leitungsgebundenes Erdgas und Wärme (Erdgas-Wärme-Preisbremsengesetz—EWPBG). Online: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ewpbg/BJNR256010022.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  60. Bundesrepublik Deutschland. (2025b). Gesetz zur Einführung einer Strompreisbremse (Strompreisbremsegesetz—StromPBG). Online: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/strompbg/BJNR251210022.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  61. Croissant, Y./Millo, G./Tappe, K./Toomet, O./Kleiber, C./Zeileis, A./Henningsen, A./Andronic, L./Schoenfelder, N. (2025). plm: Linear Models for Panel Data. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/plm/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  62. da Silva Rosa, R./Durand, R. B. (2008). The role of salience in portfolio formation. In: Pacific-Basin Finance Journal. Volume 16. Issues 1–2. pp. 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2007.04.008. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  63. Deutsche Bundesbank. (2023). Monatsbericht Oktober 2023. Online: https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/912962/7c672acd05d30d9374251de40d95e979/472B63F073F071307366337C94F8C870/2023-10-monatsbericht-data.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  64. Deutsche Bundesbank. (2024). Umlaufsrenditen inländischer Inhaberschuldverschreibungen / Anleihen der öffentlichen Hand / RLZ von über 9 bis 10 Jahren / Tageswerte. Online: https://api.statistiken.bundesbank.de/rest/download/BBSIS/D.I.UMR.RD.EUR.S13.B.A.R0910.R.A.A._Z._Z.A?format=csv&lang=de. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  65. Deutscher Bundestag. (2022). Bundestag beschließt Strom- und Gaspreisbremse. Online: https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2022/kw50-de-energiepreisbremse-924550. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  66. Diebecker, J./Rose, C/Sommer, F. (2021). Bewertung unternehmerischer Nachhaltigkeitsleistung mittels Nachhaltigkeitsratings. In: Controlling. 33. Jahrgang. 6/2021. pp. 12–18. https://doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2021-6-12. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  67. Driscoll, J. C./Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data. Review of Economics and Statistics. Volume 80. Issue 4. pp. 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  68. Dullien, S. (2024). Erfolgreicher Eingriff. Online: https://www.boeckler.de/de/boeckler-impuls-erfolgreicher-eingriff-58951.htm. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  69. DWS Investment GmbH. (2024). Europa hat die Energiekrise überstanden. Online: https://www.dws.com/de-de/insights/cio-view/chart-of-the-Week/cotw-2024/chart-of-the-week-20240301/. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  70. Eisenkopf, J./Juranek, S./Walz, U. (2023). Responsible Investment and Stock Market Shocks: Short-Term Insurance without Persistence. In: British Journal of Management. Volume 34. 2023. pp. 1420–1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12664. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  71. Emiliozzi, S./Ferriani, F./Gazzani, A. (2023). The European energy crisis and the consequences for the global natural gas market. Online: https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/qef/2023-0824/QEF_824_23.pdf?language_id=1, DOI: 10.32057/0.QEF.2023.0824. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  72. Engelhardt, N./Ekkenga, J./Posch, P. (2021). ESG Ratings and Stock Performance during the COVID-19 Crisis. In: Sustainability. 13 (13). Article 7133. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137133. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  73. Erkan, A./Gürsoy, S./Doğan, M./Alshiqi, S. (2023). Europe’s Energy Crisis; Winners of the Crisis with Market Data. In: Ekonomika. Volume 102(2). pp. 145–165. https://doi.org/10.15388/Ekon.2023.102.2.8. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  74. Franke, J./Härdle, W./Hafner, C. (2004). Einführung in die Statistik der Finanzmärkte. 2nd edition. Berlin/Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17049-2. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  75. Galanos, A. (2025). rugarch: Univariate GARCH Models. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rugarch/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  76. Gehrke, M. (2022). Angewandte empirische Methoden in Finance & Accounting. 2nd edition. Berlin/Boston, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110767261. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  77. Gehrke, M. (2024). AW: Frage zu ‚Angewandte empirische Methoden in Finance & Accounting‘ – E-mail correspondence between Matthias Gehrke and Jörg Müller from 19/09/2024 to 23/10/2024. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  78. Ghalanos, A. (2025). Introduction to the rugarch package. (Version 1.4 – 3). Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rugarch/vignettes/Introduction_to_the_rugarch_package.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  79. Gianfrate, G./Kievid, T./van Dijk, M. (2021). On the resilience of ESG stocks during COVID-19: Global evidence. In: Covid Economics. Issue 83. 2 July 2021. pp. 25–53. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  80. Giesselmann, M./Windzio, M. (2012). Regressionsmodelle zur Analyse von Paneldaten. Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-188200. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  81. Gigerenzer, G./Todd, P. M./ABC Research Group. (1999). Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. New York. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  82. Greene, W. H. (2020). Econometric Analysis. 8th edition. Harlow. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  83. Gujarati, D. N./Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics. 5th edition. New York. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  84. Hartzmark, S. M./Sussman, A. B. (2019). Do Investors Value Sustainability? A Natural Experiment Examining Ranking and Fund Flows, In: The Journal of Finance. Volume 74. Issue 6. December 2019. pp. 2703–3392. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12841. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  85. Harrell, F./Beck, C./Dupont, C. (2025). Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous.Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Hmisc/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  86. Harrell, F. (2025). rms: Regression Modeling Strategies. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rms/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  87. Heidorn, T./Schäffler, C. (2017). Finanzmathematik in der Bankpraxis. 7th edition. Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13448-8. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  88. Horn, M. (2023). The Influence of ESG Ratings On Idiosyncratic Stock Risk: The Unrated, the Good, the Bad, and the Sinners. In: Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research 75(3). pp. 415–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41471-023-00155-1. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  89. Hothorn, T./Zeileis, A./Farebrother, R. W./Cummins, C./Millo, G./Mitchell, D. (2022). lmtest: Testing Linear Regression Models. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lmtest/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  90. Hull, J. C. (2016). Risikomanagement. 4th edition. Hallbergmoos. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  91. International Energy Agency. (2022). World Energy Outlook 2022. Online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/830fe099-5530-48f2-a7c1-11f35d510983/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  92. International Energy Agency. (2024). Weltweite Energiekrise. Online: https://www.iea.org/topics/global-energy-crisis?language=de. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  93. International Monetary Fund. (2003). Fund Assistance for Countries Facing Exogenous Shocks. Online: https://www.imf.org/external/np/pdr/sustain/2003/080803.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  94. Jensen, M. C. (1968). The Performance of Mutual Funds in the Period 1945–1964. In: The Journal of Finance. Volume 23. Issue 2. May 1968. pp. 389–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.244153. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  95. Kilian, L./Plante, M. D. (2022). The Russian oil supply shock of 2022. Online: https://www.dallasfed.org/research/economics/2022/0322 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  96. Kemp, J. (2023). Europe’s energy crisis is over. Online: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/europes-energy-crisis-is-over-kemp-2023-11-28/. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  97. Komsta, L./Novomestky, F. (2022). moments: Moments, Cumulants, Skewness, Kurtosis and Related Tests. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/moments/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  98. Lins, K. V./Servaes, H./Tamayo, A. (2017). Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance: The Value of Corporate Social Responsibility during the Financial Crisis. In: The Journal of Finance. Volume LXXII. No. 4, August 2017, pp. 1785–1824. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12505. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  99. Lopez Prol, J./Kim, K. (2022). Risk-Return Performance of Optimized ESG Equity Portfolios in the NYSE. In: Finance Research Letters. Volume 50. Article 103312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103312. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  100. LSEG Group. (2024). LSEG Eikon. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  101. LSEG Group. (2025). LSEG Eikon. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  102. Maraqa, B./Bein, M. (2020). Dynamic Interrelationship and Volatility Spillover among Sustainability Stock Markets, Major European Conventional Indices, and International Crude Oil. In: Sustainability. 12 (9). Article 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093908. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  103. Markowitz, H. (1952). Portfolio Selection. In: The Journal of Finance. Volume 7. No. 1. March 1952. pp. 77–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/2975974. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  104. Mankiw, N. G. (2022). Macroeconomics. 11th edition. New York. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  105. Meier, A./Slembeck, T. (1998). Wirtschaftspolitik. 2nd edition. München. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783486795608. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  106. Mishkin, F. S. (2015). Macroeconomics: Policy and practice. 2nd edition. Boston et al. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  107. Moore, M. (2024). Europe’s energy crisis is over, signals Shell boss. Online: https://www.ft.com/content/85eee3eb-6ee7-404b-b89d-778631426f06. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  108. Ozili, P. K./Ozen, E. (2023). Global energy crisis: Impact on the global economy. Online: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/118791/1/MPRA_paper_118791.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  109. PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited. (2023). PwC’s Global Investor Survey 2023—Trust, tech and transformation: Navigating investor priorities. Online: https://www.pwc.at/de/aktuelle-themen/global-investor-survey-2023.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  110. Renneboog, L./Ter Horst, J./Zhang, C. (2011). Is ethical money financially smart? Nonfinancial attributes and money flows of socially responsible investment funds. In: Journal of Financial Intermediation. Volume 20. Issue 4. October 2011. pp. 562–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2010.12.003. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  111. Rentschler, J./Kornejew, M. (2017). Energy price variation and competitiveness: Firm level evidence from Indonesia. In: Energy Economics. Volume 67. pp. 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.08.015. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  112. Riedl, A./Smeets, P. (2017). Why Do Investors Hold Socially Responsible Mutual Funds?. In: The Journal of Finance. Volume LXXII. NO. 6. December 2017. pp. 2505–2549. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12547. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  113. Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (2008). DIE FINANZKRISE MEISTERN – WACHSTUMSKRÄFTE STÄRKEN – Jahresgutachten 2008/09. Online: https://www.sachverstaendigenrat-wirtschaft.de/fileadmin/dateiablage/download/gutachten/ga08_ges.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  114. Sharpe, W. F. (1966). Mutual Fund Performance. In: The Journal of Business. Volume 39. No. 1. Part 2: Supplement on Security Prices. January 1966. pp. 119–138. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  115. Stagg, I. (2024). GlobalData: EU energy crisis ‚is over‘ – but could it happen again? Online: https://www.worldpipelines.com/business-news/14022024/globaldata-eu-energy-crisis-is-over-but-could-it-happen-again/. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  116. Stahlhut, B. (2002). Messung und Analyse der Performance von Aktienportfolios. 2nd edition. Frankfurt am Main. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  117. Söhnholz, D./Rieken, S./Kaiser, D. G. (2010). Asset Allocation, Risiko-Overlay und Manager-Selektion. 1st edition. Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6315-4. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  118. Sulphey, M. M. (2014). BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE. Dehli. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  119. Teti, E./Dallocchio, M./L'Erario, G. (2023). The impact of ESG tilting on the performance of stock portfolios in times of crisis. In: Finance Research Letters. Volume 52. Article 103522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103522. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  120. Tober, C. (2016). Der Markt für nachhaltige Geldanlagen in Deutschland und Europa – Standards und Trends. In: CSR und Finanzratings, Management-Reihe Corporate Social Responsibility. Edited by H. E. Kopp. Berlin/Heidelberg. pp. 65–77. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-47461-7_7. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  121. Toutenburg, H./Heumann, C./Nittner, T. (2004). Statistische Methoden bei unvollständigen Daten. Online: https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1750/1/paper_380.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  122. Trapletti, A./Hornik, K./LeBaron, B. (2024). tseries: Time Series Analysis and Computational Finance. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tseries/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  123. Treynor, J. L. (1965). How to Rate Management of Investment Funds. In: Harvard Business Review. January/February 1965. Volume 43. Issue 1. pp. 63–75. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  124. Tversky, A./Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology. Volume 5. Issue 2. September 1973. pp. 207–232. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  125. Tversky, A./Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science. Volume 185. No. 4157. pp. 1124–1131. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  126. Urban, D./Mayerl, J. (2011). Regressionsanalyse: Theorie, Technik und Anwendung. 4th edition. Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93114-2. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  127. von Auer, L. (2023). Ökonometrie. 8th edition. Wiesbaden. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  128. Whelan, T./Atz, U./Clarke, C. (2021). ESG AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: Uncovering the Relationship by Aggregating Evidence from 1,000 Plus Studies Published between 2015 – 2020. Online: https://www.icgn.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/ESG%20and%20Financial%20Performance%20Uncovering%20the%20Relationship%20NYU%20Stern.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  129. Wickham, H./François, R./Henry, L./Müller, K./Vaughan, D./Posit Software, PBC. (2023). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  130. Wickham, H./Vaughan, D./Girlich, M./Ushey, K./Posit Software, PBC. (2024). tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidyr/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  131. World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development—Our Common Future. Oslo. Online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  132. Xu, J./Akhtar, M./Haris, M./Muhammad, S./Abban, O. J./Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). Energy crisis, firm profitability, and productivity: An emerging economy perspective. In: Energy Strategy Reviews. Volume 41 (Article 100849). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100849. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  133. Zeileis, A./Lumley, T./Graham, N./Koell, S. (2024). sandwich: Robust Covariance Matrix Estimators. Online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sandwich/index.html. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  134. Zhao, Y./Feng, C./Xu, N./Peng, S./Liu, C. (2023). Early warning of exchange rate risk based on structural shocks in international oil prices using the LSTM neural network model. In: Energy Economics. Volume 126 (Article 106921). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106921. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-387
  135. Adams, C.A. (2017), „Conceptualising the contemporary corporate value creation process“, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 906–931, doi: 10.1108/AAAJ-04-2016-2529. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  136. Azar, J., Duro, M., Kadach, I. and Ormazabal, G. (2021), „The Big Three and corporate carbon emissions around the world“, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 142 No. 2, pp. 674–696, doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.007. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  137. Barker, R. (2019), „Corporate natural capital accounting“, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 68–87, doi: 10.1093/oxrep/gry031. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  138. Barth, M.E., Cahan, S.F., Chen, L. and Venter, Elmar R. (2017), „The economic consequences associated with integrated report quality: Capital market and real effects“, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 62 (October), pp. 43–64, doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2017.08.005. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  139. Beattie, V. and Jones, M.J. (1992), „The Use and Abuse of Graphs in Annual Reports: Theoretical Framework and Empirical Study“, Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 22 No. 88, pp. 291–303, doi: 10.1080/00014788.1992.9729446. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  140. Beattie, V., McInnes, B. and Fearnley, S. (2004), „A methodology for analysing and evaluating narratives in annual reports: a comprehensive descriptive profile and metrics for disclosure quality attributes“, Accounting Forum, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 205–236, doi: 10.1016/j.accfor.2004.07.001. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  141. Beyer, A., Cohen, D.A., Lys, T.Z. and Walther, B.R. (2010), „The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature“, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 50 No. 2, pp. 296–343, doi: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.10.003. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  142. Beyer, B., Chaskel, R., Euler, S., Gassen, J., Grosskopf, A.-K. and Sellhorn, T. (2023), „How Does Carbon Footprint Information Affect Consumer Choice? A Field Experiment“, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 62 No.1, pp. 101–136, doi: 10.1111/1475-679X.12505. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  143. Boulland, R., Bourveau, T. and Breuer, M. (2025), „Company Websites: A New Measure of Disclosure“, Journal of Accounting Research (forthcoming), pp. 1–45, doi: 10.1111/1475-679X.70007. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  144. Bradford, M., Earp, J.B., Showalter, D.S. and Williams, P.F. (2017), „Corporate Sustainability Reporting and Stakeholder Concerns: Is There a Disconnect?“, Accounting Horizons, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 83–102, doi: 10.2308/acch-51639. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  145. Busco, C., Granà, F. and Izzo, M.F. (2023), „Beyond persuasive representations of facts: ‚figuring out‘ what sustainable value creation means in practice“, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 393–426, doi: 10.1108/AAAJ-07-2021-5349. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  146. Busco, C., Malafronte, I., Pereira, J. and Starita, M.G. (2019), „The determinants of companies’ levels of integration: Does one size fit all?“, The British Accounting Review, Vol. 51 No. 3, pp. 277–298, doi: 10.1016/j.bar.2019.01.002. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  147. Business Roundtable (2019), „Business Roundtable Redefines the Purpose of a Corporation to Promote ‚An Economy That Serves All Americans‘” (August 19), available at: https://www.businessroundtable.org/business-roundtable-redefines-the-purpose-of-a-corporation-to-promote-an-economy-that-serves-all-americans. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  148. Capitals Coalition (2016), „Natural Capital Protocol“, available at: https://capitalscoalition.org/capitals-approach/natural-capital-protocol/?fwp_filter_tabs=guide_supplement Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  149. Capitals Coalition (2019), „Social & Human Capital Protocol“, available at: https://capitalscoalition.org/capitals-approach/social-human-capital-protocol/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  150. Capitals Coalition (2021), „Principles of integrated capitals assessments“, available at: https://capitalscoalition.org/publication/principles-of-integrated-capitals-assessments/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  151. Cardinaels, E. (2008), „The interplay between cost accounting knowledge and presentation formats in cost-based decision-making“, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 582–602, doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2007.06.003. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  152. Chalmers, J. and Picard, N. (2023), PWC’s Global Investor Survey 2023 : Trust, tech and transformation: Navigating investor priorities, available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/c-suite-insights/global-investor-survey.html (accessed 25 October 2024). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  153. Chen, Y., Jermias, J. and Panggabean, T. (2016), „The Role of Visual Attention in the Managerial Judgment of Balanced-Scorecard Performance Evaluation: Insights from Using an Eye-Tracking Device“, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 113–146, doi: 10.1111/1475-679X.12102. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  154. Christensen, H.B., Hail, L. and Leuz, C. (2021), „Mandatory CSR and sustainability reporting: economic analysis and literature review“, Review of Accounting Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 1176–1248, doi: 10.1007/s11142-021-09609-5. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  155. Christensen, T.E., Fronk, K.E., Lee, J.A. and Nelson, K.K. (2024), „Data visualization in 10-K filings“, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 77 No. 2, 101631, doi: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2023.101631. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  156. Colonnelli, E., McQuade, T., Ramos, G., Rauter, T. and Xiong, O. (2024), „Polarizing Corporations: Does Talent Flow to „Good’’ Firms?“, working paper, SSRN, Rochester, NY, 11 March, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4637203. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  157. Davison, J. (2015), „Visualising accounting: an interdisciplinary review and synthesis“, Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 121–165, doi: 10.1080/00014788.2014.987203. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  158. Dechow, P.M. (2023), „Understanding the Sustainability Reporting Landscape and Research Opportunities in Accounting“, The Accounting Review, Vol. 98 No. 5, pp. 481–493, doi: 10.2308/TAR-2023-0145. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  159. Dimes, R., de Villiers, C. and Chen, L. (2023), „How Integrated Thinking Can Be Detected in Management Disclosures in Annual Reports: Insights from a Large-Scale Text-Analysis Approach“, Journal of Management Accounting Research, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 75–99, doi: 10.2308/JMAR-2022-082. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  160. Dimes, R. and de Villiers, C. (2024), „Hallmarks of Integrated Thinking“, The British Accounting Review, Vol. 56 No. 1, 101281, doi: 10.1016/j.bar.2023.101281. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  161. Dimson, E., Karakaş, O. and Li, X. (2015), „Active Ownership“, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 28 No. 12, pp. 3225–3268, doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhv044. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  162. Dyck, A., Lins, K.V., Roth, L. and Wagner, H.F. (2019), „Do institutional investors drive corporate social responsibility? International evidence“, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 131 No. 3, pp. 693–714, doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.08.013. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  163. EFRAG (2024), „Connectivity considerations and boundaries of different Annual Report sections“, available at: https://www.efrag.org/en/projects/connectivity-between-financial-reporting-and-sustainability-reporting/research-phase?page=documents Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  164. Elkington, J. (1997), Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business, Capstone, Oxford. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  165. Elliott, W.B., Grant, S.M. and Rennekamp, K.M. (2017), „How Disclosure Features of Corporate Social Responsibility Reports Interact with Investor Numeracy to Influence Investor Judgments“, Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 1596–1621, doi: 10.1111/1911-3846.12302. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  166. European Parliament and the Council (2022), „Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 537/2014, Directive 2004/109/EC, Directive 2006/43/EC and Directive 2013/34/EU, as regards corporate sustainability reporting“, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022L2464 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  167. Freeman, R.E. (1984), Strategic Management – A Stakeholder Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  168. Friedman, H.L. and Heinle, M.S. (2016). „Taste, information, and asset prices: implications for the valuation of CSR“, Review of Accounting Studies, Vol. 21, pp. 740–767, doi: 10.1007/s11142-016-9359-x. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  169. Friedman, H.L. and Ormazabal, G. (2024), „The Role of Information in Building a More Sustainable Economy: A Supply and Demand Perspective“, Journal of Accounting Research, doi: 10.1111/1475-679X.12581. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  170. Friedman, M. (1970), „A Friedman doctrine-- The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits“, The New York Times, 13 September. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  171. George, G., Haas, M.R., McGahan, A.M., Schillebeeckx, S.J.D. and Tracey, P. (2023), „Purpose in the For-Profit Firm: A Review and Framework for Management Research“, Journal of Management, Vol. 49 No. 6, pp. 1841–1869, doi: 10.1177/01492063211006450. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  172. Greenstone, M., Leuz, C. and Breuer, P. (2023), „Mandatory disclosure would reveal corporate carbon damages“, Science, Vol. 381 No. 6660, pp. 837–840, doi: 10.1126/science.add6815. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  173. Grewal, J. and Serafeim, G. (2020), „Research on Corporate Sustainability: Review and Directions for Future Research“, Foundations and Trends® in Accounting, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 73-127, doi: 10.1561/1400000061. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  174. Grossman, S.J. (1981), „The Informational Role of Warranties and Private Disclosure about Product Quality“, The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 461–483, doi: 10.1086/466995. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  175. Grossman, S.J. and Hart, O.D. (1980), „Disclosure Laws and Takeover Bids“, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 323–334, doi: 10.2307/2327390. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  176. GSSB (2022a), „GRI 1: Foundation 2021“, available at: https://www.globalreporting.org/how-to-use-the-gri-standards/gri-standards-english-language/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  177. GSSB (2022b), „GRI 2: General Disclosures 2021“, available at: https://www.globalreporting.org/how-to-use-the-gri-standards/gri-standards-english-language/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  178. Hart, O. and Zingales, L. (2017), „Companies Should Maximize Shareholder Welfare Not Market Value“, Journal of Law, Finance, and Accounting, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 247–275, doi: 10.1561/108.00000022. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  179. Hartzmark, S.M. and Sussman, A.B. (2019), „Do Investors Value Sustainability? A Natural Experiment Examining Ranking and Fund Flows“, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 74 No. 6, pp. 2789–2837, doi: 10.1111/jofi.12841. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  180. Heath, D., Macciocchi, D., Michaely, R. and C. Ringgenberg, M. (2023), „Does Socially Responsible Investing Change Firm Behavior?“, Review of Finance, Vol. 27 No. 6, pp. 2057–2083, doi: 10.1093/rof/rfad002. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  181. Henderson, R. and Van den Steen, E. (2015), „Why Do Firms Have ‚Purpose‘? The Firm’s Role as a Carrier of Identity and Reputation“, American Economic Review, Vol. 105 No. 5, pp. 326–330, doi: 10.1257/aer.p20151072. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  182. Hörisch, J., Schaltegger, S. and Freeman, R.E. (2020). „Integrating stakeholder theory and sustainability accounting: A conceptual synthesis“, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 275, 124097, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124097. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  183. Hummel, K. and Jobst, D. (2024), „An Overview of Corporate Sustainability Reporting Legislation in the European Union“, Accounting in Europe, doi: 10.1080/17449480.2024.2312145. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  184. Hummel, K. and Szekely, M. (2022), „Disclosure on the Sustainable Development Goals – Evidence from Europe“, Accounting in Europe, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 152–189, doi: 10.1080/17449480.2021.1894347. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  185. IFVI (2024), „The Case for Impact Accounting“, available at: https://ifvi.org/about-us/the-case-for-impact-accounting/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  186. IFVI and VBA (2024a), „General Methodology 1: Conceptual Framework for Impact Accounting“, available at: https://ifvi.org/methodology/general-methodology/general-methodology-1/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  187. IFVI and VBA (2024b), „GHG Emissions Topic Methodology“, available at: https://ifvi.org/methodology/environmental-topic-methodology/greenhouse-gas-ghg-emissions-topic-methodology/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  188. IIRC (2021), „International <IR> Framework“, available at: https://integratedreporting.ifrs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/IntegratedReporting_Framework_061024.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  189. Ilhan, E., Krueger, P., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T. (2023), „Climate Risk Disclosure and Institutional Investors“, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 36 No. 7, pp. 2617–2650, doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhad002. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  190. ISSB (2023), „Request for Information: Consultation on Agenda Priorities“, available at: https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/project/issb-consultation-on-agenda-priorities/issb-rfi-2023-1.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  191. ISSB (2024), „ISSB to continue to support the use of the Integrated Reporting Framework during the next phase of work“ (April 23), available at: https://integratedreporting.ifrs.org/news/issb-to-continue-to-support-the-use-of-the-integrated-reporting-framework-during-next-phase-of-work/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  192. Jin, G.Z., Leslie, P. (2003), „The Effect of Information on Product Quality: Evidence from Restaurant Hygiene Grade Cards“, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 118 No. 2, pp. 409-451, doi: 10.1162/003355303321675428. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  193. KPMG (2014), „A new vision of value – Connecting corporate and societal value creation“, available at: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2014/10/a-new-vision-of-value-v1.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  194. Krueger, P., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T. (2020), „The Importance of Climate Risks for Institutional Investors“, The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 1067–1111, doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhz137. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  195. Laine, M., Tregidga, H. and Unerman, J. (2021), Sustainability Accounting and Accountability, Routledge, London. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  196. Lee, K.-W. and Yeo, G.H.-H. (2016), „The association between integrated reporting and firm valuation“, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Vol. 47 No. 4, pp. 1221–1250, doi: 10.1007/s11156-015-0536-y. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  197. Leonelli, S., Muhn, M., Rauter, T. and Sran, G. (2025), „How do consumers use ESG disclosure? Evidence from a randomized field experiment with everyday product purchases“, Journal of Accounting and Economics, forthcoming, 101811, doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2025.101811. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  198. Leuz, C. and Wysocki, P.D. (2016), „The Economics of Disclosure and Financial Reporting Regulation: Evidence and Suggestions for Future Research“, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 54 No. 2, pp. 525–622, doi: 10.1111/1475-679X.12115. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  199. Lin, Y., Shen, R., Wang, J. and Julia Yu, Y. (2024), „Global Evolution of Environmental and Social Disclosure in Annual Reports“, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 62 No. 5, pp. 1941–1988, doi: 10.1111/1475-679X.12575. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  200. Magill, M., Quinzii, M. and Rochet, J.-C. (2015), „A Theory of the Stakeholder Corporation“, Econometrica, Vol. 83 No. 5, pp. 1685–1725, doi: 10.3982/ECTA11455. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  201. Malafronte, I. and Pereira, J. (2020), „Integrated thinking: measuring the unobservable“, Meditari Accountancy Research, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 805–822, doi: 10.1108/MEDAR-12-2019-0640. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  202. McCalla-Leacy, J., Shulman, J. and Threlfall, R. (2022), „Big shifts, small steps – Survey of Sustainability Reporting 2022“, available at: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2022/10/ssr-small-steps-big-shifts.pdf (accessed 25 October 2024). Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  203. Michelon, G., Trojanowski, G. and Sealy, R. (2022), „Narrative Reporting: State of the Art and Future Challenges“, Accounting in Europe, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 7–47, doi: 10.1080/17449480.2021.1900582. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  204. Milgrom, P.R. (1981), „Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications“, The Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 380–391, doi: 10.2307/3003562. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  205. Morgan, J. and Tumlinson, J. (2019), „Corporate Provision of Public Goods“, Management Science, Vol. 65 No. 10, pp. 4489–4504, doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2018.3137. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  206. OR (2024), „Bundesgesetz betreffend die Ergänzung des Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches (Fünfter Teil: Obligationenrecht) ”, available at: https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/27/317_321_377/de Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  207. Pástor, Ľ., Stambaugh, R.F. and Taylor, L.A. (2021), „Sustainable investing in equilibrium“, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 142 No. 2, pp. 550–571, doi: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.12.011. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  208. PTF-RNFRO (Project Task Force on Reporting of Non-financial Risks and Opportunities and Linkage to the Business Model) (2021a), Towards Sustainable Businesses: Good Practices in Business Model, Risks and Opportunities Reporting in the EU, Main Report, EFRAG European Lab Project, available at: https://www.efrag.org/sites/default/files/sites/webpublishing/SiteAssets/EFRAG%20PTF-RNFRO%20-%20Main%20Report.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  209. PTF-RNFRO (Project Task Force on Reporting of Non-financial Risks and Opportunities and Linkage to the Business Model), (2021b), Towards Sustainable Businesses: Good Practices in Business Model, Riks and Opportunities Reporting in the EU, Supplementary Document: Good Reporting Practices, EFRAG European Lab Project, available at: https://www.efrag.org/sites/default/files/sites/webpublishing/SiteAssets/EFRAG%20PTF-RNFRO%20-%20Supplement.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  210. Rimmel, G. and Cordazzo, M. (2021), „Deductive vs Inductive Content Analysis – a methodological research note to disclosures studies in intellectual capital research“, Dumay, J., Nielsen, C., Lund, M., Massaro, M. and Guthrie, J. (eds.), Research Handbook on Intellectual Capital and Business, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 109–124. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  211. Ronzani, M. and Gatzweiler, M.K. (2022), „The lure of the visual: Multimodality, simplification, and performance measurement visualizations in a megaproject“, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 97, 101296, doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2021.101296. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  212. Roslender, R. and Nielsen, C. (2021), „Accounting for the value expectations of customers: Re-imagining the Integrated Reporting initiative“, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 81, 102244, doi: 10.1016/j.cpa.2020.102244. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  213. Schoenmaker, D. (2020), „The Impact Economy: Balancing Profit and Impact“, working paper, SSRN Rochester, NY, 8 July, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3567026. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  214. Schoenmaker, D. (2021), „A New Integrated-Value Assessment Method for Corporate Investment“, Policy Contribution, 19/2021, available at: https://www.bruegel.org/system/files/wp_attachments/PC-19-230921.pdf. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  215. Schoenmaker, D. and Schamrade, W. (2019), Principles of Sustainable Finance, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  216. Serafeim, G. (2015), „Integrated Reporting and Investor Clientele“, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 34–51, doi: 10.1111/jacf.12116. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  217. Serafeim, G., Zochowski, T.R. and Downing, J. (2019), „Impact-Weighted Financial Accounts: The Missing Piece for an Impact Economy“, Harvard Business School, available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=59129 Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  218. Spiegelhalter, D., Pearson, M. and Short, I. (2011), „Visualizing Uncertainty About the Future“, Science, Vol. 333 No. 6048, pp. 1393–1400, doi: 10.1126/science.1191181. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  219. Starks, L.T. (2023), „Presidential Address: Sustainable Finance and ESG Issues—Value versus Values“, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 78 No. 4, pp. 1837–1872, doi: 10.1111/jofi.13255. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  220. United Nations (2015), „A/RES/70/1 – Transforming our world: the 2023 Agenda for Sustainable Development“ (October 21), available at: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  221. VBA (2024), „Who we are and what we fight for“, available at: https://www.value-balancing.com/en/about-us.html Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  222. Verrecchia, R.E. (1983), „Discretionary disclosure“, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 5, pp. 179–194, doi: 10.1016/0165-4101(83)90011-3. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  223. Wagenhofer, A. (1990), „Voluntary disclosure with a strategic opponent“, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 341–363, doi: 10.1016/0165-4101(90)90020-5. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  224. Wagenhofer, A. (2024), „Sustainability Reporting: A Financial Reporting Perspective“, Accounting in Europe, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 1–13, doi: 10.1080/17449480.2023.2218398. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  225. WEF (2019), „Davos Manifesto 2020: The Universal Purpose of a Company in the Fourth Industrial Revolution“ (December 2), available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/12/davos-manifesto-2020-the-universal-purpose-of-a-company-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/ Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  226. WEF (2020), „Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism – Towards Common Metrics and Consistent Reporting of Sustainable Value Creation“, available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_IBC_Measuring_Stakeholder_Capitalism_Report_2020.pdf Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418
  227. Zhou, S., Simnett, R. and Green, W. (2017), „Does Integrated Reporting Matter to the Capital Market?“, Abacus, Vol. 53 No. 1, pp. 94–132, doi: 10.1111/abac.12104. Open Google Scholar DOI: 10.5771/2944-3741-2025-4-418

Citation


Download RIS Download BibTex