Tax incentives available to young people in agriculture: the Nigerian perspective

Table of contents

Bibliographic information

Cover of Volume: KAS African Law Study Library Volume 8 (2021), Edition 3
Open Access Full access

KAS African Law Study Library

Volume 8 (2021), Edition 3

Authors:
Publisher
Nomos, Baden-Baden
Copyright year
2021
ISSN-Online
2363-6262
ISSN-Print
2363-6262

Chapter information

Open Access Full access

Volume 8 (2021), Edition 3

Tax incentives available to young people in agriculture: the Nigerian perspective

Authors:
ISSN-Print
2363-6262
ISSN-Online
2363-6262
Preview:

Bibliography

  1. INTERNET Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  2. www.who.int/watersanitationhealth 2004. WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality 3rd Edition. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  3. Accessed 27/10/2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  4. https://www.unwater.orgwho/unicef joint monitory programme. accessed 27/10/2021. https://www2ohchr.org/English/law/crc.htm accessed 27/10/2021. https;//s3.amazonaws.com/Berkley-centre/100308UNAR Es64292. Accessed 3/9/2021/ https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wikiwater supply and sanitation in Nigeria. Accessed 3/9/2021. https://www.drinkheartwater.com. Accessed 2/11/2021. https://water.epa.gov/drink/into/well/index.cfm. accessed 4/11/2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  5. https://waternational geographic.org>nationalgeographic. Accessed 4/11/2021. https://en.m.wikipedia.org.wikisurfacewater. Accessed 4/11/2021. https://www.globalwaters.org>africa. Accessed 12/10/2021. www.nieh.nih.gov>waterpoll. 12/10/2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  6. CONVENTION Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  7. UN Water Annual International Zaragoza conference Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  8. National Environmental Sanitation and waste control Regulations 2009 of Federal Republiic of Nigeria official Gazzette. 2009. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  9. General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November (UN Treaty series vol. 1577. UN United Nation Resolutions 2010 adopted by the general assembly 64/292. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  10. BOOK Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  11. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as Amended. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  12. Feltham R.G Diplomatic Handbook, 7th ed (London: Longman Ltd, 1998)p 85. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-293
  13. Abuja Platform on E-waste, a Communiqué issued by the International Conference on E-Waste Control, Abuja 20–21 July 2009. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  14. Almer, H. L and Koontz, T. M., ‘Public Hearing for EIA in Post-Communist Bulgaria: Do they Work? Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  15. Environmental Impact Assessment Review (2004), 473–493. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  16. Arbitral Trib: 3 UN Rep. Intl Arb. Awards 1938 (1941). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  17. Atsegbua. L et al, Environmental Law in Nigeria: Theory and Practice (Ababa Press, 2004) 4–5. Bamako Convention, Articles, 2, 4(3), 12, 4(3), 4, 6, 8 and 9. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  18. Basel Convention 1989, Annex III, Articles 2 (3), 9(1) (a) – (e), 9(2) (3) (4) (5). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  19. Bastmeijer, C. J., and Timo Koivurova, Theory and Practices of Trans-boundary Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development, Vol. 1 (Martinus, Nijhoff Publishers, 2008) 1, https://www.brill.com/view/htle.13066 (Last accessed 8th September, 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  20. Benefit and Cost of Trans-boundary EIA: Applying the UNECE Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Trans-boundary Context, p3. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  21. Benefits and Cost of Trans-boundary EIA: Applying the UNECE Convention on Environment Impact Assessment in a Trans-boundary Context”, http://www.unece.org/eia/pamphlets.org (Last accessed 20 August 2021) 1–4. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  22. Bidwell, A “UN Seeks to Solve Growing Global E-Waste Problem,” US News and World Report (16 Dec. 2013), htts://www/usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/16/un-seeks-to-solve-growing-global-e Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  23. -waste-problems/ (Last accessed 4 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  24. Brown Weiss, E.,D. B Magraw and P.C. Szasz, International Environmental Law: Basic Instruments and References (Dobbs Ferry, NY; Transnational 1992). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  25. Brownlie Ian, Principle of Public International Law, 5th ed. (Clarendon Press: 1998) 435 – 6. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  26. Brownlie Ian, System of the Laws of Nations: State Responsibility Part I (Oxford University Press; 1983) 9. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  27. Cecilia Chinwe Nwufo, “Legal Framework for the Regulation of Wastes in Nigeria”, African Research Review, (2010) Vol. 4 No. 2, 491 – 501 at 498. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  28. Charles M. Kerstern, “Rethinking Trans-boundary Environmental Impact Assessment”, The Yale Journal of International Law, (2009), Vol. 34, No. 173, 193. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  29. Conference of the Parties to the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Trans-boundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa, Second Meeting, Abidjan, Cote d’ Ivoire, 30 January – 1 February 2018. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  30. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 999 as amended 2011, section 12. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  31. Convention for the Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region, https://www.exolex.org/details/treaty/covention-for Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  32. -10-operation-in-the-protection-and-development-of-the-marine-and-coastal-environment-of-the-w est-and-central-african-region-tre-000547/ (Last accessed 10 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  33. Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, Articles 13 (b), 17 (1) (2). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  34. Crew Fell Sick on Toxic Waste Ship, The Times (London, September 3, 1985), 1. See also “Dirty Jobs, Sweet Profits”, US News and World Report, Nov. 21, 1988 at 155. See “Waste Dumpers Turning to West Africa”, NY Times, July 17, 1988, 1 at 1, Column 2. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  35. Decision 2/6 Prevention of electronic hazardous waste and the import and dumping of end -of-life waste electrical and electronic equipment in Africa 2018 UNEP/BC/co/2/6/. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  36. Decision 6/14 of 19 May1978 of the Governing Council of UNEP, Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-Third Session, Supplement No 25 (A/33/25), and Annex 1. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  37. Department of Environmental Affairs, “Minister Molewa Leads National Consultative Conference on Electronic and Electrical Waste (E-waste management in South Africa”; Press Media Release (4th September 2015) https://www.environment.gov.za/madiarelease/molewa-e-waste-conference/ (Last accessed 4th September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  38. Development in the Law- International Environmental Law, 104 Harvard L Rev 1484, 1550–51 (1991) as cited by Kerstern, C. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  39. Draft Articles on Prevention of Trans-boundary Harm from Hazardous Activities with commentaries, United Nations, 2008, 148. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  40. East African Countries to Cooperate on e-waste management”, Xinhua (25th August 2016), https://ww w.kassfm.co.ke/new/index.php/business/item/1664-east-african-countries-to-coporate-on-e-waste Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  41. -management, (Last accessed 7 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  42. Emeka P Amechi and Babatude A. Oni, “Import of Electronic Waste into Nigeria: The Imperative of a Regulatory Policy Shift”, Chinese Journal of Environmental Law, (2010), Vol. 3, 141 – 166. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  43. Emeka P Amechi and Babatunde A Oni, “Import of Electronic Waste into Nigeria: The Imperative of a Regulatory Policy Shift”, Chinese Journal of Environmental Law (2019), Vol.3, 141–146 at 141. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  44. Environment Impact Assessment Act (hereafter EIA Act), CAP E 12 LFN, 2004. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  45. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): An Introduction, 2015, Western Cape Government, Environmental Affairs Development Planning, South Africa. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  46. Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: Legal Principles and Recommendations, (Graham and Trotman/Mart Nijhoff, 1987) 75; adopted by the expert group. It was also noted that the duty not to cause substantial harm could be deduced from the non-treaty-based practices of states, and from the statements made by states individually and/or collectively. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  47. Federal Environmental Protection Act 1988. This Act has been repealed by the National Environment Standards and Regulations Agency (Establishment) Act 2007. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  48. Gozie, S. Ogbodo “Environmental protection in Nigeria: Two decades after the Koko Incident,” Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  49. Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law (2009), Vol. 15, Issue 1, Article 2, 1 -18, Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  50. http://www.digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ann/survey/vol15/iss1/2 (Last accessed 17 August 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  51. Hakeem O. Ijaiya, “Note on: Responsibility of Transnational Environmental Pollution under International Environmental Law”, Haramaya Law Review (2017), Vol. 6, 111 -124 at 113. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  52. Hart Lawrence and Orupabo Sika, “Applicable International Environmental Impact Assessment Laws for the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria”, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, (2016) Vol. 10, No 11, 386–393 at 390, Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  53. https://www.researchgate.net/publications/260244 (Last accessed 1th September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  54. Ikhariale, M, “The Koko Incident, the Environment and the Law”; In Shyllon, F (ed.), The Law and the Environment in Nigeria (Ibadan, Vintage Publishers 1989) 73 – 75. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  55. IMODOCS, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter, 1972, https://www.docs.imo.org (Last accessed 12 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  56. Int’l Bank for Reconstruction and Dev. (IBRD) and Int’l Dev. Association (IDA), World Bank Inspection Panel, Res No. IBRD 93-/0/IDA 93–6, 12 (Sept 22, 1993). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  57. Jin J., “E-Waste and the Regulatory Commons: A proposal for the Decentralization of International Environmental Regulation”, Brooklyn Journal of International Law (2014), Vol. 39, 1251 – 82 at 1256 – 8. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  58. John H. Knox, “The Myth and Reality of Trans-boundary Environmental Impact Assessment,” American Journal of International Law, (2002), Vol. 96, Issue 2, 291 – 319. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  59. Kutner, L, “The Control and Prevention of Transnational Pollution: A Case for World Habeas Ecologicus, U. Maimi Inter-Am L Review, (2015), Vol. 9, 257. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  60. Lammers, J. G., Pollution of International Water Courses (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1984) 346 – 347 and 374 – 376. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  61. London Convention 1972, Article IV (a) (b) (c). Crude oil and its wastes refined petroleum products, petroleum distillate, residues and any mixture containing any of these, taken on board for the purposes of dumping, radioactive wastes or other radio-active matter are prohibited. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  62. Martha E. Candiello, “The Extra Territorial Reach of Environmental Law, TEMP.L. Rev (1997) 1235, 1236 (1991). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  63. Milka Dimitrovska “The Concept of International Responsibility of State in the International Public Law System”, Journal of Liberty and International Affairs (2015), Vol.1, No.2, 4. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  64. Naomi Oreskes, “The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change”, SCIENCE (2004), Vol. 306, No.5702, 1686 DOI: 10 1126/science.1103618. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  65. National Environmental (Electrical / Electronics Sector) Regulations S.I No 23 of 2011, reg. 34 (2). (Hereinafter EEE Sector Regulations). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  66. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act 2007 (NESREA), Section 20–29. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  67. Nicholas A Robinson, “International Trends in Environmental Assessment, BC ENVTL. AFF.L REV, (1992) 591 at 602. See John H Knox, “The Myth and Reality of Trans-boundary Environmental Impact Assessment, AM J. Int’l Law (2002), Vol. 96, 291. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  68. Noah D Hall, “Trans-boundary Pollution: Harmonizing International and Domestic Law”, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform (2007), Vol. 40, No.4, 681 – 746 at 681. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  69. Ola C.S, Town and Country Planning and Environmental Laws in Nigeria, 2nd ed. (Ibadan University Press 1984) petroleum refining regulation 1974 the oil pipeline Act 1956, the Factories Act. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  70. Paul Boudreaux, “Biodiversity and a New ‘Best Case’ for Applying the Environmental Statutes Extra-territorially, Environmental Law, (2007), 37. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  71. Principle 2, Rio Declaration, 1992. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  72. Principle 21 Stockholm and Principle 2 Rio are included in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as well as in article 20 of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on the Conversation of Nature and National Resources. The 1979 Convention on Long-range Trans-boundary Air pollution reproduces Principle 21 stating that it “expresses the common conviction that states have” on this matter. Principle 21 is contained in Article 3 of the 1992 Convention of Biological Diversity to which almost all states of the World are parties and as restated in the 1992 Rio Declaration, in the preamble of the 1992 UNFCCC, the 1999 Protocol on Water and Health to the Convention on the Protection and use of trans-boundary Water Courses and International Lakes and the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Again the International Court of Justice (ICJ) recognized in an advisory opinion “the existence of the general obligation of states to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction and control respect the environment of other states or of areas beyond national control is now part of the corpus of international law relating to the environment”. See The Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports, (1996) 241 – 42. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  73. Puckett and Smith, T, “Exporting Harm: the High Tech Trashing of Asia (Basel Action Network (BAN)), 2002) 4 – 10, https://www.ban.org/E-waste/techntrashfinalcomp.pdf (Last accessed 3rd Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  74. September, 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  75. Sands, P., Principles of International Environmental Law Vol. 1: Frameworks, Standards and Implementation (Manchester University Press: 1975). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  76. Secretariat of Basel Convention (SBC): Where are WECE in Africa? Findings from the Basel Convention E-Waste Africa Program (Dec 2011) 15 http://www/basel.int/portals/4/download.aspx?d= UNEP-CHW-E-waste-PUB-WeeAfricaReport.English.pdf (Last accessed 3rd September 2021), and Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Electronic Waste (E-waste) Management Policy for Uganda (2012), 10, https://www.ict.gov.ug/sites/default/files/resources/ele ctronic%20waste%20management%20policy%20for%20uganda.pdf (Last accessed 3rd September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  77. Section 245 -248 Nigeria Criminal Code. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  78. Simpson J, “Africa Emerging as E-waste Dumping Ground”, (Toxic Alerts, December, 2006) https://w ww/enews.toxicslink.org/news-view.php?id=3>(Last accessed 2 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  79. Sylvia F. Liu “The Koko Incident: Developing International Norms for the Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste”, Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Law (1992), Vol. 8 Issue 1, Article 9, 121 – 154, http://www.uknowlegde.uky.edu/jnrel/vol8/iss1/9, (accessed 17 August Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  80. 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  81. The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act No 25 of 2007 Section 7(a) and (h) (hereinafter NESRA Act). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  82. The Stockholm Declaration – Report of the United Nations Con. on the Human Environment Stockholm, 5 – 16 June 1972, (United Nations Publication, Sales No. E. 73, 11. A. 14 and corrigendum), part one, chap 1. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  83. Thomas W. Merrill, ‘Golden Rules for Trans-boundary Pollution,” Duke L. J (1997) Vol. 46, 931 at 970. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  84. Timo Koivurova, Trans-boundary Environmental Impact Assessment in International Law, The Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law/University of Lapland, (Earthscan; 2011)1. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  85. Toxics Links, E-Waste in India: System Failure Imminent-Take Action Now, (2004); https://www.toxic slink.org/docs/06040_repering.pdf (Last accessed 4 September, 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  86. Trail Smelter Case, 3 UN Rep. Intl Arb. Awards 1905 (1941). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  87. UNEP, Environmental Law: Guidelines and Principles No. 2, Shared Natural Resources (Nairobi, 1978) 2. The Principles are reproduced in ILM, Vol. 17, No. 5 (September 1978) 1098. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  88. UNEP, Training Manual on International Environmental Law, Chapter 3 – Principles and Concepts of International Environmental Law, 23 – 37 at 27, https://www.wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/hands/U NEP.pdf (Last accessed-20-august-2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  89. UNFCCC – NAEI, UK-National Atmosphere Emissions Inventory https:wwwnaei.beis.gov.uk/why-we Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  90. -estimate?view=inventory (accessed 12 September, 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  91. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Articles 194, 197,198, 199, 200, 205. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  92. Wiek Schrage and Nick Bonvoisin, “Trans-boundary Impact Assessment: Frameworks, Experience and Challenge-Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal”, (2008) 26. 4, Pp 234–238 DOI: 103152/14615508x366004, https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/beech/iapa (Last accessed 13 September 2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  93. World Bank Guidelines on Environmental Assessment (EA) 1991. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  94. WWF, “The Implementation Challenges: Taking Stock of Government Policies to Protect and Restore Environmental Flows”, WWF Report 2021, 18. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-321
  95. The Agricultural Input Trust Fund Act, Chapter 401 of the laws of the United Republic of Tanzania The Cooperative Societies Act, Chapter 211 of the Laws of the United Republic of Tanzania. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  96. Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Aida Cuthbert Isinika, ElibarikiMsuya and Karin Lindsjö, Youths' Participation in Agricultural Intensification in Tanzania, AIMS Agriculture and Food, volume 5, 2020, p. 682, available athttps://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/agrfood.2020.4.681?viewType=H TML, (last accessed on 11/09/2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  97. Aleksandr Gavritskiy, Svetlana Miroshnik, 2018, Discussion on Issues of the Theory of Legal Incentives, 2018, https://ojs.journals.cz/index.php/CBUIC/article/view/1214, (last accessed on 05/08/2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  98. Arianna Gasparri Laura Munoz, Inclusive Finance and Rural Youth, Papers of the 2019 Rural Development Report, 2019, https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/41187395/11_Gasparri+and+M unoz_2019+RDR+BACKGROUND+PAPER.pdf/1446b159-ed1b-5ae9-fb1f-c0af77e698c8, (last accessed on 13/09/2021), p. 18. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  99. Aymeric Ricome, Kamel Louhichi, Sergio Gomez-y-Paloma, Impacts of Agricultural Produce Cess (Tax) Reform Options in Tanzania, 2020, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  100. /JRC116791/jrc116791_producecessimpact_online_1.pdf, doi:10.2760/560972, (last accessed on 02/09/2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  101. International Labour Organization, Key Questions on National Youth Funds (NYF), Supporting Youth to Create Sustainable Employment Opportunities, 2012, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/publi c/---ed_emp/documents/project/wcms_206200.pdf, (last accessed on 28/11/2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  102. Landesa Tanzania, Youth Land Rights in Tanzania: Challenges, Opportunities and Policy Options, 2021, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  103. %2Fwww.landesa.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Ffinal-version-Tanzania-Youth-Land-Policy Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  104. -Brief.pdf&clen=1433592&chunk=true, (last accessed on 05/09/2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  105. Marina Ruete, Financing for Agriculture: How to Boost Opportunities in Developing Countries, 2015, Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  106. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/financing-agriculture-boost-opportunities-devloping Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  107. -countries.pdf, (last accessed on 06/08/2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  108. Mohammed Salim Ahmed, and Wei Jianguo, Financial Inclusion and Challenges in Tanzania, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, vol. 5, 2014, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefin dmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F234630228.pd f&clen=293181&chunk=true, (last accessed on 02/08/2021), p. 6. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  109. Nelson Albert Ochieng, Are Youth Moving towards or away from Agriculture? Analysis of Farm and Non-farm Occupational Choices among Youth in Rural Tanzania, 2021, chrome-extension://efaidn bmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repoa.or.tz%2Fwp-con tent%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2FYouth-Occupational-Choice-1.pdf&clen=768039&chunk=tr ue, (last accessed on 20/09/2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  110. OECD, Advancing the Digital Financial Inclusion of Youth, 2020, chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibp cajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdaf%2Ffin%2Ffina ncial-education%2Fadvancing-the-digital-financial-inclusion-of-youth.pdf&clen=2655181&chunk Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  111. =true, (last accessed on 13/09/2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  112. Policy Forum, The State of Youth Empowerment and Financial Inclusion in Tanzania, 2021, https://ww w.policyforum-tz.org/node/5632, (last accessed on 22/09/2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  113. The Citizen, Government Outlines Plans towards Addressing Youth Unemployment, https://www.thecit izen.co.tz/tanzania/news/government-outlines-plans-towards-addressing-youth-unemployment-343 9138, (last accessed on 12/08/2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  114. The Citizen, LGAs Failed to Provide Sh53bn in Youth Fund, 2018, https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzani a/news/lgas-failed-to-provide-sh53bn-in-youth-fund-2635298, (last accessed on 12/09/2021). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  115. The United Republic of Tanzania, Agricultural Sector Development Strategy – II, 2015/2016 – 2024/2025 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  116. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry ofAgriculture, Agricultural Inputs Trust Fund, (AGITF), https://www.kilimo.go.tz/index.php/en/stakeholders/view/agricultural-inputs-trust-fund-agitf, (last accessed on 22/09/2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  117. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives, The National Agriculture Policy, 2013 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  118. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry ofAgricultureLivestock and Fisheries, National Strategy for Youth Involvement in Agriculture (NSYIA) 2016–2021 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  119. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Labour, Employment and Youth Development, National Youth Development Policy, 2007 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372
  120. The United Republic of Tanzania, National Financial Inclusion Council, National Financial Inclusion Framework, 2018 – 2022, https://www.fsdt.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/National-Financial-I nclusion-Framework-NFIF-2018-2022.pdf, (last accessed on 18/08/2021) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-3-372

Citation

Download RIS Download BibTex

Downloads

Download chapter (PDF)

Notice

This work is protected by copyright and may only be used in accordance with the provisions of the Terms of Use and License Agreement. Any use of the work beyond this is expressly prohibited and will be prosecuted.

Share via email

Media