Strengthening Investment Climates Through Governance Reforms: Insights from Rwanda
Table of contents
Bibliographic information

KAS African Law Study Library
Volume 11 (2024), Edition 3
- Authors:
- | | | | | | | | |
- Publisher
- Nomos, Baden-Baden
- Copyright year
- 2024
- ISSN-Online
- 2363-6262
- ISSN-Print
- 2363-6262
Chapter information
Volume 11 (2024), Edition 3
Strengthening Investment Climates Through Governance Reforms: Insights from Rwanda
- Authors:
- ISSN-Print
- 2363-6262
- ISSN-Online
- 2363-6262
- Preview:
This paper investigates the role of governance reforms in enhancing investment climates, drawing insights from the Rwandan context. It examines major methods and techniques used by the Rwandan government to attract and maintain investment by conducting a comprehensive examination of its governance measures and their influence on the investment climate. It explores the interplay between governance reforms, regulatory legal frameworks, institutional capacity-building, and economic policies in creating an environment conducive to investment. The study reveals that Rwanda's remarkable economic transformation in recent years has been driven by proactive governance reforms aimed at creating an investment-friendly climate. The paper also discusses the problems faced and lessons learned from Rwanda's experience, giving significant insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and other countries looking to enhance their investment climates through governance reforms. Ultimately, this study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between governance, investment, and economic development, emphasizing the need for proactive governance interventions in creating favorable investment conditions.
Bibliography
No match found. Try another term.
- Abimbola A. ‘Nigeria: Cesspits of Corruption’, This Day Newspaper (Lagos, 19 June 2007), <https://www.allafrica.com/stories/200706200581.html> accessed May 09 2024.keep-with-next Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Aileru, M.M, ‘Social-Media and Cyber Victimization experience of University of Ibadan Undergraduate Students’, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, (2016) University of Ibadan Nigeria. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Akpoghome, T.U. and Nwano, T.C. ‘The Collaboration of Investigative Authorities in Nigeria-Current Issues and Challenges’, International Journal of Law, (2017) 3(4) 39-48. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Alege S. Ola et.al., ‘Effects of Corruption on Economic Development in Nigeria’, Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences (May-June 2024) 3(3) 2009-215 at 209. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Anga A. Rosemary and Gomwalk O. Bonmwa ‘Corruption and Economic Development in Nigeria: A theoretical Review’, LWAT: A Journal of Contemporary Research (2014) 11 (2) 34-44 at 34. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Anga A. Rosemary and Gomwalk O. Bonnwa, “Corruption and Economic Development in Nigeria: A theoretical Review”, LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research (2014) 11(2) 33-44 at 44. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Asokan Nirmalarajah, “Understanding Investment: Definition and Basics” <https://agicap.com/en/glossary/inevstment-defintion/ > accessed May 10 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- AU, ‘African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption’,< https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-preventing-and-combating-corruption> accessed May 9, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Bamgboye Patrick Olusegun, ‘The Negative Impact of Corruption on Development in Nigeria’, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences (2018) 8 (6), 108-112 at 108. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Basel Institute on Governance “What is Corruption”, <https://www.baselgovernance,org/what-is-corruption > accessed 10 May 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Bayar Y and Alabarov N, ‘Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in emerging market economies’, EcoForum (2016) 5 (2), 47. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Bisi Abidoye, “Buhari Pardons ex-Governors Dariye, Nyame serving jail terms for corruption; 157 others’, (April 14 2022), <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/523946-buhari-pardons-ex-govern-dariye-riyame-servivng-jail-terms-for-corruption-152.others.html>tztc=1> accessed May 11, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Business Integrity and Anti-bribery efforts in Africa: OECD/AfDB Initiative <https://www.oecd.org/corruption/businessintegrityandanti-bribery-effortinafricaoecdafdbinitiative.htm> accessed March 1, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- CCB, ‘About US-CCB’, <https://ccb.gov.ng?page_id=208> accessed May 11 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Dike Chinonso, “Legal and Regulatory framework of foreign investment in Nigeria”, (August 16 2021)1, <https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/legal--regulatory-framework-foreign-investment-nigeria-michael/>accessed May 11, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Doris Dokua Sasu ‘Contribution of Oil sector to GDP in Nigeria 2018-2023 Statista’, <https://www.statista.com/statistics/1165865/contribution-of-oil-sector-togdp-in-nigeria/>accessed May 13, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- EFCC “Alleged N80.2bn fraud: EFCC serves Yahaya Bello his charges (April 23, 2024), <https://www.efcc.gov.ng/efcc/news-and-information/news-release/10000-alleged-n80-2-fraud-efcc-serves-yahaya-bello-his-charges> accessed May 11 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- EFCC, ‘2022 Conviction Records: EFCC secures 3785 convictions in 2022’, <https://www.efcc.gov.ng/efcc/news-and-information/news-release/8781-efcc-secures-3785-convictions-in-2022/> accessed 11 May 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- EFCC, “N80.2 billion alleged fraud: Court insists on Yahaya Bello’s Appearance for Arraignment (May 10, 2024), <https://www.efcc.gov.ng/efcc/news-and-information/news-release/10055-n80-2billion-alleged-fraud-court-on-yahaya-bellos-appearance-for-arraignment/> accessed May 11, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- EFCC’s Annual Reports 2013 and 2015. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- EITI, ‘Countries’, <https://www.eiti.org/countries>accessed May 13 20024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- EITI, ‘EITI Standard 2019’, <https://eiti.org/colection s/eiti-standard-2019> accessed May 13, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Erhieyovwe E.K. Onokero I.I, ‘Corruption Foreign Direct Investment and Institutional Quality: Some Empirical evidence and its Impact on exchange rate of the Nigerian economy’, Mediterranean Journal of Social Science (2013) 4(3) 345-350. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Gasanova A, Medvedev AN and Komotsky E.I. “The assessment of corruption impact on the inflow of foreign direct investment’, AIP Conference Proceeding (June 2017), 1836(1):020011, <https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4981951>accessed 10 May 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- GIACC, “What is Corruption”, <https://www.giaccentre.org/what-is-corruption/> accessed 10 May, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Hasan M, Rahman, M.N and Iqbal B.A., ‘Corruption and FDI inflows: Evidence from India and China” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (2017), 8 (4) 173-182. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Ibeh Nnenna, ‘Group slams Judge for fining Igbinedion N3million over N25bn theft’, (May 2, 2015), <https://www.premiumtimesng.com> accessed June 8, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- ICPC Academy (ACAN) the anti-corruption academy of Nigeria. “ICPC graduates 246 recruited officers from training academy”,<https://www.icpc.gov/ng/2022/01/26/> accessed May 11, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Idayal Hassan “the EFCC and ICPC in Nigeria: Overlapping Mandates and Duplication of Effort in the Fight Against Corruption”, Anti-Corruption Evidence Working Paper 038, 2. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Idris Ahmed Jamo, “Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and Anti-Corruption Crusade in Nigeria: Success and Challenges’, Gusau Journal of Management and Social Sciences, Federal University of Gusau (2021) 4(2) 187-199. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Ikhilae Eric, ‘Court orders permanent forfeiture of private university, other assets to Fed Govt’, (June 7, 2024), https://thenationonlineng.net/court-orders-permanent-forfeiture-of-private-university-other-assets-to-fed-govt/ accessed June 7, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Innocent Mwendo Tuyisenge, ‘Practical Mechanisms for rooting out Corruption’, <https://www.blogs.worldbank.org/en/youth-transforming-africa/practical-mechanisms-rooting-out-corruption/> accessed March 7, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- James Chen, “Foreign Investment: Definition, how it works and types”, (October 26, 2020), <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-investment-asp/> accessed May 10, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Luna, F., and Perrone A., ‘Agent-based Method in Economics and Finance: Simulation in Swarn, Kluwer Academic Publisher as cited by Alege et al, 209. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Madichie, N O, ‘Corruption in Nigeria: How effective is the corruption perception index in highlighting the Economic Malaise?’, World Reviews of Science, Technology and sustainable development (2005) 2 (3/4) 320-335. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Maduagwe M O, ‘Nigeria in Search of Political Culture: The Political Class, Corruption and Democratization, in Alex Gboyega ed., Corruption and Democratization in Nigeria, (1996) 13, 18-19. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Matthew Ekundayo et. al., ‘Corruption Dynamics and Economic Growth in Nigeria’, (Oct 1, 2022), <https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83925>, <https://Doi:10.5772/intechopen.105713>, accessed May 10 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Matthew Ekundayo Rotimi, ‘Corruption dynamics and economic growth in Nigeria (2018), <https://Doi/10.5772/intechopen.105713> accessed 10 May, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Matthew Ekuundayo Rotimi et. al., ‘Corruption Dynamics and Economic Growth in Nigeria’, (October 1 2022), <https://doi/10:5772/intechopen.105713> accessed May 10, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Mshelia, James Duba and Anchor, J.R. “Political Risk Assessment by Multinational Cooperation in African Market: A Nigerian Perspective,” Thunderbird International Business Review (2018) 1-11, <https://do1.org/10.1002/tie.21964> accessed March 1, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Muda Yusuf, ‘Labour Re-Enters Negotiation with Government’, Interview Arise News Television with Dr. Reuben Abati, Sunday June 9, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- National Resources Governance Institute, ‘The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Using EITI to Promote Policy Reform’, The EITI Standard (2013), <https://www.eiti.org/cites/eng lish_EITI%20STAN DARD_11July_0.pdf> accessed May 11, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- NEITI, ‘Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative’, <https://www.neiti.gov.ng/> accessed June 7, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Nwabuzor A, Corruption and Development: New Initiatives on Economic Openness and Strengthened Rule of Law, Ethics, Springer, (June 2005) 59 (1), 121 – 138. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- OECD, ‘Information Sheet on the OECD Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials in International Business Transaction’, <https://www.oecd.org/governenance/ethics/240652.pdf> accessed May 11, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Ojuroungbe Sodiq, “EFCC to probe over 3,000 financial crimes, recovers N60bn (25 February 2024), <https://www.punch.com/EFCC-to-probe-over-3000-financial-crimes-recover-n60bn/?amp> accessed 11 May 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Omodero C. O., Danago K.I. “Corruption and Stock Market Performance in Nigeria”, Annals of Spiritual University Economics Series, Issues 2018, 23-40. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Omodero Cordelia Onyinyechi, ‘Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Nigeria’, Studia Universitatis, Vasile Goldis Arad. Economic Series (2019), 29 (2)) 54, <https://Doi/102478/sues-2019-0008> accessed 11 May, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Omolaye Sodiq “CSO’s Warn EFCC against Political Witch-Haunting” (March 19, 2024) The Guardian (Lagos) <https://www.gaurdianng/news/nigeria/csos-warn-efcc-against-political-witch-haunting/> accessed May 11, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Oyelola Muyiwa Atoyebi, ‘Assessing the implementation and impact of anti-corruption and impact of anti-corruption-laws-in-Nigeria:, <https://lawparillion.com/blog/assessing-the-implementation-and-impact-of-anti-corruption-laws-in-nigeria/amp> accessed March 1, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Raimi L, Suara IB and Fadipe A.O, “Role of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and Independent Corrupt Practices and other related Offences Commission (ICPC) at ensuring accountability and Corporate Governance in Nigeria”, Journal of Business Administration and Education (2013) 3 (2) 54-78. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Raluca E.L. ‘Connections between FDI corruption index and country risk assessments in central and Eastern Europe’, Procedia economics and Finance (2015) 32 626-633. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Rotimi E.M. et. al., “Analysis of Corruption and Economics Growth in Nigeria,” Afro Asian Journal of Social Science (2013) 4 (4.2) 1-19. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Statement of Faith Nwadishi, Executive Director of the Centre for Transparency Advocacy. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Advance Fee Fraud Act and other related Offences Act, 1995. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act, 1991 as amended. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Criminal Code. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFFC) Act 2004 herein-after EFCC Act. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The EFCC Academy’s mission is “to provide cutting edge training necessary for the effective discharge of the Commissions mandate <https://www.efcc.gov.ng/efcc/efcc-academy>accessed May 12, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Failed Bank (Recovery of Debt and Financial Malpractices in Banks) Act. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Miscellaneous Offense Act. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Money Laundering Act, 2004, 2003, No 7; 1995, No.13. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI) Act 2007. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- The Penal Code. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Timothy Obieru, ‘Experts say talking corruption key to stopping Nigeria Crude Theft’ (October 4, 2023), <https://www.voanews.com/amp/experts-say-talking-corruption-key-to--stopping-nigerian-crude-oil-theft-/7296781.html> accessed May 13, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Transparency International, ‘Nigeria moves five places up in TI’s Corruption Perception Ranking (Jan 20024), <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/663552-nigeria-moves-five-places-up-in-its-corruption-perceptioon-ranking.html> accessed May 10, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Umoh O.O, and Ubom A.S, “Corruption in Nigeria: Perceived Challenges of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFFC) in the Fourth republic’, International Journal of Advanced Legal Studies and Governance (2012) 3(3) 101-108. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- UN Convention Against Corruption 2004,<https://www.undoc.org/documents/bruse-un-convention-against-corruption.pdf> accessed March 1, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- UNEP, ‘Ogoniland’s oil history’, <https://www.unep.org/topics/disasters-and-conflicts/country-presence/Nigeria/ogonilands-oil-history/> accessed May 13, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- United State Department of State, ‘Nigeria –USDS: Investment Climate Statements’, <https://www.state.gov/reprints/2022-inevstment-climate-statement/nigeria/> accessed May 13, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- Usifo V, ‘Effects of Corruption on Nigeria Economy and the way forward’, (2017) <https://www.infoguide nigeria.com> accessed May 10, 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-350
- I. Books Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Guillermo A. Lemarchand, and April Tash, Mapping research and innovation in the Republic of Rwanda, Paris: United Nations Educational, 2015. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- International Monetary Fund, An Approach to the Poverty Reduction Action Plan for Rwanda, 2000. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Redifer Laure, The Development Path Less Traveled the Experience of Rwanda, International Monetary Fund, 2020. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- II. Book Chapters Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Ntakirutimana Theoneste, Aguirre-Bastos Carlos, and Mugabo Leon Rugema, Home-grown initiatives for sustainable development, in Rwanda Co-Designing Science in Africa, UNESCO, 2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- III. Journal Articles Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- African Development Bank, Land tenure regularization in Rwanda: Good practices in land reform, 28(5), Journal of Economic Surveys,2016. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Johnston Michael, Good Governance: Rule of Law, Transparency, and Accountability, Department of Political Science, Colgate University, 2017. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Ruth Hoekstra, Busse Matthias, and Bernatzki Talea, Promoting Rwanda’s Business Environment: Drivers of Change and Factuality of Reforms, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- IV. Dissertations Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Barungi Faith, Contribution of Business Development Fund to the Financial Access by Small and Medium Enterprises in Rwanda, University of Rwanda: LL.M Dissertation, 2017. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- V. Reports Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- African Development Bank and African Development Fund, Republic of Rwanda Country Strategy Paper 2022-2026, 2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Ministry of Infrastructure, Infrastructure Sector Annual Report for Fiscal Year 2018/19, 2019. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- National Bank of Rwanda, Foreign Private Capital in Rwanda Census Report, 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Ohio Northern University Center for Democratic Governance and Rule of Law, Report on Rwanda Legal Capacity Building Activity, 2020. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- The Republic of Rwanda, 7 Years Government Programme: National Strategy for Transformation (NST1) 2017–2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Small Business Institute, Cutting The Cost of Red Tape for business growth in Rwanda, South Africa: Johannesburg, 2008. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Transparency Rwanda, Final Report on Corruption and Governance in Rwanda, 2009. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- U.S. Department of State, Investment Climate Statement, International Monetary Fund, 2014. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- World Bank, Report on Rwanda's Anti-Corruption Experience: Actions, Accomplishments, and Lessons, 2020. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- VI. Online Sources Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Ben Harguth, A Look into the Future: Rwanda’s Road to Digital Transformation, 2022, available at <https://dai-global-digital.com/rwandas-road-to-digital-transformation.html>, (accessed on 3/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, Improving Policy, Impacting Change, available at <http://www.ipar-rwanda.org/> (accessed on 6/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Investopia, Navigating the New Economy: Global Economic Trends Challenging Governments, available at <https://investopia.ae/summaries/navigating-the-new-economy-global-economic-trends-challenging-governments/>, (accessed on 26/4/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Lloyds Bank, Investment framework and opportunities in Rwanda, available at <https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/rwanda/investment-environment>, (accessed on 4/6/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Stakeholder Engagement Plan SEP Rwanda Digital Acceleration Project, available at <https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/101281626208401360/text/Stakeholder-Engagement-Plan-SEP-Rwanda-Digital-Acceleration-Project-P173373.txt>, (accessed on 7/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Ministry of Local Government, Vision 2050, available at <https://www.minaloc.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minaloc/Publications/Useful_Documents/English-Vision_2050_full_version_WEB_Final.pdf>, (accessed on 7/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, About National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, available at <https://www.statistics.gov.rw/> (accessed on 6/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- R Global, “Foreigner’s Right on a Land in Rwanda”, available at <https://irglobal.com/article/foreigners-right-on-a-land-in-rwanda/> (accessed on 10/4/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Rwanda Development Board, “RDB One Stop Centre expanded to enhance investor experience”, available at <https://rdb.rw/rdb-one-stop-centre-expanded-to-enhance-investor-experience/>, (accessed on 4/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Rwanda Development Board, ICT in Rwanda, available at <https://rdb.rw/departments/information-communication-technology/>, (accessed on 5/6/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- TRT World, What makes Rwanda one of Africa’s fastest growing economies?, available at <https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/what-makes-rwanda-one-of-africa-s-fastest-growing-economies-23410>, (accessed on 26/4/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- U.S. Department of State, 2023 Investment Climate Statements: Rwanda, available at <https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/rwanda/>, (accessed on 25/4/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- World Bank, A Strong Commitment to Human Capital is an Investment in Rwanda’s Future, available at <https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2023/12/03/a-strong-commitment-to-human-capital-is-an-investment-in-rwanda-s-future>, (accessed on 8/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- World Bank, Rwanda’s Economic Performance Strengthened in 2023 Despite Continued Challenges, available at <https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2024/02/28/rwanda-afe-economic-performance-strengthened-in-2023-despite-continued-challenges>, (accessed on 5/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- World Bank, The World Bank in Rwanda, available at <https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview>, (accessed on 3/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- World Economic Forum, Rwanda is tackling digital development challenges - and succeeding, 2022, available at <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/rwanda-is-tackling-digital-development-challenges-and-succeeding/>, (accessed on 4/5/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-381
- Statutes Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Constitution of Republic of Uganda, 1995 (as amended) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Anti-Money Laundering (Amendment) 2002 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Arbitration and Conciliation Act Cap. 4 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Companies Act Cap.106 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Cooperative Society (Amendment) 2002 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Development and Production, Act 2013 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Foreign Exchange Act (2004) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Insolvency (Amendment) 2002 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Investment Code Act 1991 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Investment Code Act 2019 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Investment code Act, 2019 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Mediation Rules 2007 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Public Enterprise Reform and Divestiture Act 1993 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Public Private Partnerships, Petroleum (Exploration), Act, 2015 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Trustee Incorporation (Amendment) (2002) Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Uganda Free Zones Act, 2014 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Scholarly Works Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Domestic Direct Investment. Planned Investment and planned job by sector. Source UIA. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- G. Schwarzenberger, ‘Foreign Investment and international Law Chapter 8’ (1996) in A Frederick Praeger New York. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Global Team Investment Policy & Promotion December 2021. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Harry T. Edwards ‘Alternative dispute resolution-panacea or anathema?’ (1986) Harvard law Review 668. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Imad Moosa ‘Foreign Direct Investment: Theory, evidence and practice.’ (2002) Doi:10.1057/9781403907493. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- International Growth Center (2019), DFID (2020). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Uganda Foreign Investment Authority: State of Investment Memo, Nov 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Uganda Imports by value (US & 000) of selected products (2016-2020) - Source ITC Trade map. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Uganda Investment Inflows by Economic Activity- US $ millions (2016-2020) (ITC investment map). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Websites Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Securities & Exchange Commission v Wickman DC. Min, 12 F. Supp 245, 247. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- https://www.oecd.org/countries/uganda/jobs-for-rural-youth-692c0ca1-en.htm Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- https://unctad.org/publication/trade-and-development-report-2022 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=254764,251521,117054,95202,80262,80232,82036,106989&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=0&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- https://ejatlas.org/country/uganda Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-396
- Books Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Dagbanja , D.N., The Investment Treaty Regimes and public interest Regulation in Africa, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Garcia, L.G., The Role of Human Rights in International Investment Law. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Garner, B.A., Black Law Dictionary, 10 edition, USA, Co. © West Thomson Reuters, 2009. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Robert Wood Johnson foundation, Human Rights Principles Statement for Investments, rwjf, 28 July 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Schefer, K.N., International investment law, Text, cases and materials, Edward Elgar publishing limited, 2013 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Websites Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Andrew, W.Lo. and Foerster, S.R., A Brief History of Investments, Princeton University Press, 2021, p.1 available at https://doi.org/10.1515/978069122684-003. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, Company Responses to Human Rights Violations in South Sudan 2020, available at https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/ (accessed on 20/ June/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD due diligence Guidance for responsibility business conduct, 2018, available at https://www.oecd.org/investment/due-diligence-guidance-for-responsible-business-conduct.htm (accessed on 22/Aug/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- International Finance Corporation (IFC), Stakeholder Engagement: A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets, 2007, available at https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcw/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/strategy-and-operations/stakeholder-engagement “(22/Aug/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Southern Sudan investment Authority, South Sudan: Investing, May 2024, available at https://www.tradeclub.stanbicbank.com/portal/en/market-potential/south-sudan/investing (accessed on 20 June 2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- UN Human Rights Council, A/HRC/32/19-Report of the working Group on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprise, 2016, available at https://www.undocs.org/en/A/HRC/32/19 (accessed on 20/Aug/2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- UN Sustainable Development Group, Human Right: Based Approach, available at https://unsdg.un.org>2030_agenda accessed on 25 June 2024. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Case Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Wena Hotels Limited v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No.ARB/98/Award, JJ84-95(Dec.8 2000), 42ILM 896(2002). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- International Laws Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, 2011. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- National Laws Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- Transitional constitution of South Sudan, 2011 as amended in 2015. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- South Sudan Investment Promotion Act, 2009. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-449
- The Constitution of United Republic of Tanzania, 1977. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Mining Act, Cap. 123[R.E 2019]. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- The Natural Wealth and Resources (Permanent Sovereignty) Act, 2017. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- The Natural Wealth and Resources (Review and Renegotiation of Unconscionable Terms) Act, 2017. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- The Mineral Policy of Tanzania, 2009. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, U.N.T.S 1155. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Treaty for Establishment of East African Community, 1999. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Biwater Gauff (Tanzania Limited) v. United Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/22 Award (24 July 2008). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Zachary Olum and Another v. The Attorney General, (Constitutional Petition No. 6 of 1999) [2000] UGCC 3. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Akhil Bharatiya Soshit Karmachari Sangh v. Union of India, [1981] 1 SCC 246. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Rwebangira, G., “The Legal Dilemma of Stabilization Clauses in the Renegotiation of Standard Mining Agreements in Tanzania: Challenges and Prospects,” 2(2) LST Law Review, 2019. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Rwechungura, G.C.,” Sanctity of Contracts in Foreign Investment Regime: Case of Tanzania Foreign Investment Practices”, Beijing Law Review, 2023, pp. 1841-1847. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Mwakaje, S.J, and Nyang’anyi, T.M., “Reclaiming Sovereignty over Natural Wealth and Resources in Tanzania: Legal and Regulatory Implications on Investments’’, ICSID Review, 2023, pp. 1-22. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Longopa,E., “Re-Affirming the Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources; Implications of Emerging Legislative Trends in Tanzania,” 2(2) LST Law Review, 2019, pp. 47-69. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Luhende, B., “Examining the New Local Content Regime in the Mining Sector in Tanzania”,47(2) EALR, 2020, pp. 38-71. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- The Citizen, “Key Challenges, New Directions in Tz Mining Sector, available at https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/oped/key-challenges-new-directions-in-tz-s-mining-sector-2585698 (accessed on 28 August 2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- Minerals available in Tanzania, available at https://www.tumemadini.go.tz/statistics/minerals-available-in-tanzania/ (accessed on 8 August 2024). Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-462
- A. Legal Instruments Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 1. Law No. 004/2002 of 21 February 2002 on the Investment Code Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 2. Law n°007/2002 of 11 July 2002 on the Mining Code as amended and supplemented by Law n°18/001 of 09 March 2018. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- B. Books and Articles Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 1. KUMBU Ki NGIMBI J-M, Législation en matière économique, Kinshasa, I.A.D.H.D., 2023 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 2. SAKATA M. TAWAB Garry, Code minier expliqué : analyse systématique et croisée avec le règlement minier, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia, 2022 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 3. KABEYA KALAMBAY Christian, L'articulation entre le droit minier et le droit de l'environnement en droit congolais, doctoral thesis in law, Université Laval, under the supervision of Prof. Christophe Krolik, Quebec, 2022. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 4. MUKONDE MUSULAY P, Droit des affaires en Afrique subsaharienne et économie planétaire, Geneva, Globethics.net- African Law Series, 2015 Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 5. NTANGA NTITA J. and others, Investissements directs étrangers et croissance économique en république démocratique du congo (RDC), MPRA, 2019, p.2 online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92910/ Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 6. ANAPI, Historical background, on https://www.investindrc.cd/fr/Context-historique Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 7. ANAPI, Situation économique et sociale de la RDC, online at https://www.investindrc.cd/en/Situation-economique-et-sociale-de-la-RDC Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 8. GOOSSENS Frans, Rôle des SADA dans la Sécurité Alimentaire de Kinshasa, FAO, 1997, online at https://www.fao.org/4/AA039F/aa039f00.htm#Contents Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 9. CLIFFORD CHANCE, Doing business in the Democratic Republic of Congo, June 2013, https://www.cliffordchance.com/content/dam/cliffordchance/briefings/2013/06/doing_business_in_the_democratic_republic_of_congo.pdf Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 10. African Development Bank Group, Private Investment Environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2012, p.11 https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/projects-and-operations/republique_democratique_du_congo_-_environnement_de_linvestissement_prive.pdf Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- C. Other Documents Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 1. ANAPI, SYNTHÈSE DU RAPPORT SUR LES STATISTIQUES DES PROJETS AGRÉÉS AU CODE DES INVESTISSEMENTS, online at https://investindrc.cd/fr/IMG/pdf/anapi_synthese_du_rapport_sur_les_statistiques_des_projets_agrees_au_code_des_investissements_2019_-_2023_063257.pdf Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473
- - 2. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, Powering change or business as usual? Forced evictions at industrial cobalt and copper mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2023, p.6. Open Google Scholar doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2024-3-473